Instructions: –
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
In the intricate fabric of human existence, society, culture, and human behaviour intertwine to shape the rich tapestry of our collective experience. As we navigate the complex interplay between these elements, we uncover the profound influence they have on the way we perceive the world, interact with one another, and evolve as a global community.
Society, as a dynamic entity, serves as the canvas upon which culture and human behaviour are painted. It encapsulates the norms, values, and institutions that bind individuals into communities. The ever-evolving nature of society reflects the ongoing dialogue between tradition and progress. Each society has its unique narrative, a story woven with threads of history, shared beliefs, and collective aspirations.
Culture, the colourful thread in this tapestry, encompasses the shared expressions of a community. It includes language, customs, art, and rituals that give identity and meaning to individuals within a society. Culture is both a mirror reflecting the collective identity and a bridge connecting generations. It shapes our perspectives, influences our creativity, and moulds the lens through which we view the world.
Human behaviour, the intricate stitches that connect individuals within the societal fabric, is a fascinating subject of study. It is influenced by a myriad of factors, including genetics, environment, and cultural upbringing. Our actions, decisions, and interactions are not isolated events but are woven into the larger pattern of societal expectations and cultural nuances. Understanding human behaviour is key to fostering empathy, tolerance, and cooperation in a diverse and interconnected world.
The dynamics between society, culture, and human behaviour are evident in the way communities respond to change. Whether it be technological advancements, shifts in political landscapes, or global pandemics, the collective behaviour of societies reflects their adaptive capacity. The resilience of cultures and the malleability of human behaviour underscore our ability to navigate through challenges and create new narratives.
However, this intricate tapestry is not without its challenges. Cultural clashes, societal inequalities, and individual struggles for identity are inherent complexities. Navigating these challenges requires a delicate balance between preserving cultural diversity and fostering inclusivity. The evolving norms of society should embrace the richness of cultural differences while promoting shared values that transcend boundaries.
The interconnected nature of society, culture, and human behaviour also highlights the importance of education in shaping a harmonious future. Education becomes the loom where future generations learn to appreciate diversity, understand the complexities of human behaviour, and contribute positively to the evolving societal narrative. It is through education that we unravel prejudices, dismantle stereotypes, and weave a more inclusive fabric for the generations to come.
Also learn: CLAT Previous Year Question Papers
Legal Reasoning
When one party delegates some authority to another party whereby the latter performs his actions in a more or less independent fashion, on behalf of the first party, the relationship between them is called an agency. Agency can be express or implied. Chapter X of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 deals with the laws relating to Agency. It is important to know the law relating to agency because nearly all business transactions worldwide are carried out through agency. All corporations, big or small, carry their work out through agency. Therefore, laws relating to the agency are an important area of Business Law. Relationships relating to principal and agent involve three main parties: The Principal, the Agent, and a Third Party. The Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines an ‘Agent’ in Section 182 as a person employed to do any act for another or to represent another in dealing with third persons. According to Section 182, The person for whom such act is done, or who is so represented, is called the “principal”. Therefore, the person who has delegated his authority will be the principal.
An agency can be created by:
Direct (express) appointment– The standard form of creating an agency is by direct appointment. When a person, in writing or speech appoints another person as his agent, an agency is created between the two.
Implication– When an agent is not directly appointed but his appointment can be inferred from the circumstances, an agency by implication is created.
Necessity– In a situation of necessity, one person can act on behalf of another to save the person from any loss or damage, without expressly being appointed as an agent. This creates an agency out of necessity.
Estoppel– An agency can also be created by estoppel. In a situation where one person behaves in such a manner in front of a third person, as to make someone believe he is an authorized agent on behalf of someone, an agency by estoppel is created.
Ratification– When an act of a person, who acted as another person’s agent (on his behalf) without his knowledge is later ratified by that person, this creates an agency by ratification between the two.
Authority of the Agent
According to Section 187, the authority is said to be express when it is given by words spoken or written.
According to Section 187, authority is said to be implied when it is to be inferred from the facts and circumstances of the case. In carrying out the work of the Principal, the agent can take any legal action. That is, the agent can do any lawful thing necessary to carry out the work of the principal.
Implied authority is of four main types
- Incidental authority- doing something that is incidental to the due performance of express authority
- Usual authority- doing that which is usually done by persons occupying the same position
- Customary authority- doing something according to the pre-established customs of a place where the agent acts
- Circumstantial authority- doing something according to the circumstances of the case
Logical Reasoning
India’s Deep Ocean Mission (DOM), a pioneering initiative approved by the Union Cabinet in 2021, represents a significant stride in oceanic exploration and utilization. With a budget of nearly Rs 4,077 crore over five years, the mission encompasses six key areas: development of deep-sea mining technologies and a manned submersible, ocean climate change advisory services, deep-sea biodiversity conservation, deep-ocean survey and exploration, energy and freshwater harnessing from the ocean, and establishing an advanced Marine Station for Ocean Biology.
The mission’s first pillar, spearheaded by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), focuses on developing indigenous technologies for deep-sea mining and a crewed submersible. The flagship project under this pillar is ‘Samudrayaan’, aiming to reach a depth of 6,000 meters in the central Indian Ocean with Matsya6000, a deep-ocean submersible designed to accommodate three crew members. Matsya6000, equipped with scientific sensors and tools, has an operational endurance of 12 hours, extendable to 96 hours in emergencies. The submersible’s design has been completed, and initial testing at 500 meters is planned, with full depth capability expected within two to three years.
The mission also involves an integrated system for mining polymetallic nodules from the ocean bed, including valuable minerals like copper, manganese, nickel, and cobalt. NIOT has conducted successful deep-sea locomotion trials using the underwater mining system ‘Varaha’ at a depth of 5,270 meters.
The choice of a 6,000-meter depth is strategic, aligning with India’s commitment to sustainable resource extraction. The allocated region in the central Indian Ocean contains polymetallic nodules and sulphides at depths of 3,000 to 5,500 meters. The mission’s challenges are manifold, including high-pressure conditions, soft and muddy ocean bed, power requirements for material extraction, and limited visibility.
Matsya6000, a titanium alloy-constructed submersible, is designed to withstand pressures of up to 6,000 bar. It features propellers for movement in all directions, three viewports, 12 cameras, 16 lights, and state-of-the-art navigation and positioning systems. This submersible places India on the global front of deep-ocean exploration, alongside countries like the U.S.A., Russia, China, France, and Japan.
The deep-ocean mining vehicle ‘Varaha’ operates using a flexible riser technique, allowing it to move around the ocean bed while the surface ship moves in tandem. It uses a high-power pressure pump system for extracting polymetallic nodules, which are then pumped to the surface ship.
India’s DOM, through its collaborative efforts involving various national institutes and academia, reflects the nation’s scientific zeal and commitment to advancing oceanic exploration and utilization. By 2025, significant progress is expected, marking India’s foray into a new era of deep-sea exploration and mining.
Quantitative Techniques
Mehta electronics deals in Air conditioners (ACs) of only three companies namely Samsung, LG and Lloyd. Each AC is of one of two types namely split and window. In January, total number of ACs sold by Mehta electronics was 198. The following information is also known about the number of ACs of different companies sold:
For Samsung: Number of windows ACs sold in February was 20% more than that in January. However, number of split ACs sold in February was 25% less than that in January.
For LG: Number of ACs sold in January was 1 more than that in February, even though number of windows ACs sold in February was 8 more than that in January.
For Lloyd: Number of windows ACs to number of split ACs, sold in January were in the ratio 7:8 and this ratio changed to 7:5, in February. Total number of ACs sold in February was 36 more than that in January.
Also,
- Out of total number of windows ACs sold in February, ratio of number of Samsung, LG and Lloyd, window ACs, sold in February was 9:8:14, respectively.
- In January, number of Lloyd ACs sold was equal to number of LG ACs sold. Number of Samsung ACs sold in January was 78.
General Knowledge
India’s inaugural national mock drill, “Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas,” conducted from August 27 to 31, 2024, represents a significant step in the country’s strategy to combat zoonotic diseases—illnesses that can be transmitted from animals to humans. This exercise, initiated under the auspices of the National One Health Mission (NOHM), is emblematic of an increasingly proactive approach to public health that recognizes the intricate interconnections between human health, animal health, and the environment. Given the escalating prevalence of zoonotic diseases globally, evidenced by outbreaks such as COVID-19 and Ebola, the necessity for robust preparedness measures has never been more critical.
The term “Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas” can be translated as “War Against Pathogens,” reflecting the urgent and aggressive stance that India is adopting in the face of potential health crises. This mock drill is not merely a symbolic gesture but a comprehensive evaluation of the nation’s readiness to respond to outbreaks that could arise from zoonotic pathogens. The exercise involved various stakeholders, including government agencies, healthcare professionals, veterinary experts, and environmental scientists, all collaborating to devise and implement effective response strategies. At its core, the Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas was designed to assess multiple facets of outbreak management, including surveillance systems, diagnostic capabilities, and the effectiveness of communication strategies among different sectors. The exercise also emphasized the importance of interdepartmental collaboration, as zoonotic diseases often require a multifaceted response that encompasses health care, agriculture, and environmental management. The successful execution of such an integrated approach is essential for ensuring a timely and effective response to any emerging health threat.
The NOHM, under which this drill was conducted, represents a paradigm shift in public health policy, advocating for a holistic understanding of health issues. The mission seeks to dismantle traditional silos between human health, veterinary health, and environmental health, promoting a collaborative framework that is essential for tackling complex health challenges. By focusing on zoonotic diseases, the NOHM recognizes that many of the world’s most pressing health threats emerge at the interface of humans and animals, often exacerbated by factors such as urbanization, climate change, and biodiversity loss. Moreover, the mock drill provided invaluable insights into the logistical and operational challenges that may arise during an actual outbreak scenario. For instance, it highlighted the need for rapid deployment of resources, the establishment of effective communication channels, and the coordination of responses at local, state, and national levels. Lessons learned from this exercise can inform future policies and strategies, ensuring that India is better prepared to mitigate the impact of zoonotic diseases.