Passage 1
“Everybody pretty much agrees that the relationship between elephants and people has dramatically changed,” [says psychologist Gay] Bradshaw. . . . “Where for centuries humans and elephants lived in relatively peaceful coexistence, there is now hostility and violence.Now, I use the term ‘violence’ because of the intentionality associated with it, both in the aggression of humans and, at times, the recently observed behavior of elephants.” . . .
Typically, elephant researchers have cited, as a cause of aggression, the high levels of testosterone in newly matured male elephants or the competition for land and resources between elephants and humans. But. . . Bradshaw and several colleagues argue. . . that today’s elephant populations are suffering from a form of chronic stress, a kind of species wide trauma. Decades of poaching and culling and habitat loss, they claim, have so disrupted the intricate web of familial and societal relations by which young elephants have traditionally been raised in the wild, and by which established elephant herds are governed,that what we are now witnessing is nothing less than a precipitous collapse of elephant culture. . . .
Elephants, when left to their own devices, are profoundly social creatures. . . . Young elephants are raised within an extended, multi tiered network of doting female caregivers that includes the birth mother, grandmothers, aunts and friends. These relations are maintained over a life span as long as 70 years. Studies of established herds have shown that young elephants stay within 15 feet of their mothers for nearly all of their first eight years of life,after which young females are socialized into the matriarchal network, while young males go off for a time into an all-male social group before coming back into the fold as mature adults.. . .
This fabric of elephant society, Bradshaw and her colleagues [demonstrate], ha[s] effectively been frayed by years of habitat loss and poaching, along with systematic culling by government agencies to control elephant numbers and translocations of herds to different habitats. . . . As a result of such social upheaval, calves are now being born to and raised by ever younger and inexperienced mothers. Young orphaned elephants, meanwhile, that have witnessed the death of a parent at the hands of poachers are coming of age in the absence of the support system that defines traditional elephant life. “The loss of elephant elders,” [says]Bradshaw . . . “and the traumatic experience of witnessing the massacres of their family,impairs normal brain and behavior development in young elephants.”
What Bradshaw and her colleagues describe would seem to be an extreme form of anthropocentric conjecture if the evidence that they’ve compiled from various elephant researchers. . . weren’t so compelling. The elephants of decimated herds, especially orphans who’ve watched the death of their parents and elders from poaching and culling, exhibit behaviour typically associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related disorders in humans: abnormal startle response, unpredictable asocial behaviour, inattentive mothering and hyper aggression. . . .
[According to Bradshaw], “Elephants are suffering and behaving in the same ways that we recognize in ourselves as a result of violence. . . . Except perhaps for a few specific features,brain organization and early development of elephants and humans are extremely similar.”
Q1.) The passage makes all of the following claims EXCEPT:
options:
Explanation:
1. elephant mothers are evolving newer ways of rearing their calves to adapt to emerging threats.
2. the elephant response to deeply disturbing experiences is similar to that of humans.
3. human actions such as poaching and culling have created stressful conditions for elephantcommunities.
4. elephants establish extended and enduring familial relationships as do humans.
Ans: elephant mothers are evolving newer ways of rearing their calves to adapt to emergingthreats.The passage stated that “… As a result of such social upheaval, calves are now being born toand raised by ever younger and inexperienced mothers. …” So this should be the correct ans.
Q. 2:Which of the following statements best expresses the overall argument of this passage?
Options:
1. Recent elephant behaviour could be understood as a form of species-wide trauma-related response.
2. Elephants, like the humans they are in conflict with, are profoundly social creatures.
3. The relationship between elephants and humans has changed from one of coexistence toone of hostility.
4. The brain organisation and early development of elephants and humans are extremelysimilar.
Ans : The relationship between elephants and humans has changed from one of coexistenceto one of hostility.The first paragraph stated that“Where for centuries humans and elephants lived in relatively peaceful coexistence, there isnow hostility and violence.”And the rest of the para builds on this theme by providing evidence to it.
Q. 3:Which of the following measures is Bradshaw most likely to support to address the problem of elephant aggression?
Options:
1. Funding of more studies to better understand the impact of testosterone on male elephantaggression.
2. The development of treatment programmes for elephants drawing on insights gained fromtreating post-traumatic stress disorder in humans.
3. Studying the impact of isolating elephant calves on their early brain development,behaviour and aggression.
4. Increased funding for research into the similarity of humans and other animals drawing oninsights gained from human-elephant similarities.
The development of treatment programmes for elephants drawing on insights gainedfrom treating post-traumatic stress disorder in humans.
Explanation :
Since the passage showcased the understanding of the relationship, the change and the consequences.. Bradshaw will suggest that we need to use the information to create solutions to how we treat the elephants
Q. 4:
In paragraph 4, the phrase, “The fabric of elephant society . . . has[s] effectively been frayed by . . .” is:
Options:
1. an accurate description of the condition of elephant herds today.
2. a metaphor for the effect of human activity on elephant communities.
3. an exaggeration aimed at bolstering Bradshaw’s claims.
4. an ode to the fragility of elephant society today.
ans: a metaphor for the effect of human activity on elephant communities.The paragraph focuses on the bad effect of human activity on elephants so this is the correctoption.
Q. 5: In the first paragraph, Bradshaw uses the term “violence” to describe the recent change in the human-elephant relationship because, according to him:
Options:
1. there is a purposefulness in human and elephant aggression towards each other.
2. elephant herds and their habitat have been systematically destroyed by humans.
3. human-elephant interactions have changed their character over time.
4. both humans and elephants have killed members of each other’s species.
ans: there is a purposefulness in human and elephant aggression towards each other.Explanation : the first para states that “because of the intentionality associated with it, “..which is nothing but paraphrasing of purposefulness in the behavior.
Passage 2
The only thing worse than being lied to is not knowing you’re being lied to. It’s true that plastic pollution is a huge problem, of planetary proportions. And it’s true we could all dive more to reduce our plastic footprint. The lie is that blame for the plastic problem is wasteful consumers and that changing our individual habits will fix it.
Recycling plastic is to saving the Earth what hammering a nail is to halting a falling skyscraper. You struggle to find a place to do it and feel pleased when you succeed. But your effort is wholly inadequate and distracts from the real problem of why the building is collapsing in the first place. The real problem is that single-use plastic—the very idea of producing plastic items like grocery bags, which we use for an average of 12 minutes but can persist in the environment for half a millennium—is an incredibly reckless abuse of technology. Encouraging individuals to recycle more will never solve the problem of a massive production of single-use plastic that should have been avoided in the first place.
As an ecologist and evolutionary biologist, I have had a disturbing window into the accumulating literature on the hazards of plastic pollution. Scientists have long recognized that plastics biodegrade slowly, if at all, and pose multiple threats to wildlife through entanglement and consumption. More recent reports highlight dangers posed by absorption of toxic chemicals in the water and by plastic odors that mimic some species’ natural food.Plastics also accumulate up the food chain, and studies now show that we are likely ingestingit ourselves in seafood. . . .
Beginning in the 1950s, big beverage companies like Coca-Cola and Anheuser-Busch, along with Phillip Morris and others, formed a non-profit called Keep America Beautiful. Its mission is/was to educate and encourage environmental stewardship in the public. . . .
At face value, these efforts seem benevolent, but they obscure the real problem, which is the role that corporate polluters play in the plastic problem. This clever misdirection has led journalist and author Heather Rogers to describe Keep America Beautiful as the first corporate green washing front, as it has helped shift the public focus to consumer recycling behavior and actively thwarted legislation that would increase extended producer responsibility for waste management. . . .
[T]he greatest success of Keep America Beautiful has been to shift the onus of environmental responsibility onto the public while simultaneously becoming at rusted name in the environmental movement. . . .
So what can we do to make responsible use of plastic a reality? First: reject the lie. Litterbugs are not responsible for the global ecological disaster of plastic. Humans can only function to the best of their abilities, given time, mental bandwidth and systemic constraints. Our huge problem with plastic is the result of a permissive legal framework that has allowed the uncontrolled rise of plastic pollution, despite clear evidence of the harm it causes to local communities and the world’s oceans. Recycling is also too hard in most parts of the U.S. and lacks the proper incentives to make it work well.
Q. 6: In the second paragraph, the phrase “what hammering a nail is to halting a falling skyscraper” means:
Options:
Explanation:
1. relying on emerging technologies to mitigate the ill-effects of plastic pollution.
2. encouraging the responsible production of plastics by firms.
3. focusing on consumer behaviour to tackle the problem of plastics pollution.
4. focusing on single-use plastic bags to reduce the plastics footprint.
Answer: focusing on consumer behaviour to tackle the problem of plastics pollution.
Explanation :
But your effort is wholly inadequate and distracts from the real problem of whythe building is collapsing in the first placeLooking at this line the metaphor used in 2nd paragraph should mean that consumers [nails]cannot tackle the problem as the problem is quite huge [building].
Q. 7: In the first paragraph, the author uses “lie” to refer to the:
Options:
1. blame assigned to consumers for indiscriminate use of plastics.
2. understatement of the enormity of the plastics pollution problem.
3. understatement of the effects of recycling plastics.
4. fact that people do not know they have been lied to.
Answer: blame assigned to consumers for indiscriminate use of plastics.
Explanation:
the first paragraph DIRECTLY states that “The lie is that blame for the plasticproblem is wasteful consumers”
Q. 8:The author lists all of the following as negative effects of the use of plastics EXCEPT the:
Options:
1. slow pace of degradation or non-degradation of plastics in the environment.
2. air pollution caused during the process of recycling plastics.
3. adverse impacts on the digestive systems of animals exposed to plastic.
4. poisonous chemicals released into the water and food we consume.
Answer: air pollution caused during the process of recycling plastics.
Explanation:
Air pollution was never stated directly or indirectly in the passage.
Q. 9: Which of the following interventions would the author most strongly support:
Options:
1. completely banning all single-use plastic bags.
2. having all consumers change their plastic consumption habits.
3. recycling all plastic debris in the seabed.
4. passing regulations targeted at producers that generate plastic products.
Answer: passing regulations targeted at producers that generate plastic products.
Explanation:
the last paragraph clearly states that the “problem with plastic is the result of apermissive legal framework” thus the author will support passing regulations
Q. 10: It can be inferred that the author considers the Keep America Beautiful organisation:
Options:
1. an innovative example of a collaborative corporate social responsibility initiative.
2. a sham as it diverted attention away from the role of corporates in plastics pollution.
3. an important step in sensitising producers to the need to tackle plastics pollution.
4. a “greenwash” because it was a benevolent attempt to improve public recycling habits.
Answer: a sham as it diverted attention away from the role of corporates in plastics pollution.
Explanation
The 4th paragraph directly mentioned “the first corporate greenwashing front, asit has helped shift the public focus to consumer recycling behavior…” thus this option fitsthe best.
Passage 3
Economists have spent most of the 20th century ignoring psychology, positive or otherwise.But today there is a great deal of emphasis on how happiness can shape global economies, or— on a smaller scale — successful business practice. This is driven, in part, by a trend in”measuring” positive emotions, mostly so they can be optimized. Neuro scientists, for example, claim to be able to locate specific emotions, such as happiness or disappointment, in particular areas of the brain. Wearable technologies, such as Spire, offer data-driven adviceon how to reduce stress.
We are no longer just dealing with “happiness” in a philosophical or romantic sense — it has become something that can be monitored and measured, including by our behavior, use of social media and bodily indicators such as pulse rate and facial expressions.
There is nothing automatically sinister about this trend. But it is disquieting that the businesses and experts driving the quantification of happiness claim to have our best interests at heart, often concealing their own agendas in the process. In the workplace, happy workers are viewed as a “win-win.” Work becomes more pleasant, and employees, more productive.But this is now being pursued through the use of performance-evaluating wearable technology, such as Humanyze or Virgin Pulse, both of which monitor physical signs of stress and activity toward the goal of increasing productivity.
Cities such as Dubai, which has pledged to become the “happiest city in the world,” dream upever-more elaborate and intrusive ways of collecting data on well-being — to the point where there is now talk of using CCTV cameras to monitor facial expressions in public spaces. New ways of detecting emotions are hitting the market all the time: One company, Beyond Verbal,aims to calculate moods conveyed in a phone conversation, potentially without the knowledge of at least one of the participants. And Facebook [has] demonstrated . . . that it could influence our emotions through tweaking our news feeds — opening the door to evermore targeted manipulation in advertising and influence.
As the science grows more sophisticated and technologies become more intimate with our thoughts and bodies, a clear trend is emerging. Where happiness indicators were once used as a basis to reform society, challenging the obsession with money that G.D.P. measurement entrenches, they are increasingly used as a basis to transform or discipline individuals.Happiness becomes a personal project, that each of us must now work on, like going to the gym. Since the 1970s, depression has come to be viewed as a cognitive or neurological defect in the individual, and never a consequence of circumstances. All of this simply escalates the sense of responsibility each of us feels for our own feelings, and with it, the sense of failure when things go badly. A society that deliberately removed certain sources of misery, such as precarious and exploitative employment, may well be a happier one. But we won’t get thereby making this single, often fleeting emotion, the over-arching goal.
Q. 11: In the author’s opinion, the shift in thinking in the 1970s:
Options:
1. introduced greater stress into people’s lives as they were expected to be responsible for their own happiness.
E
2. was a welcome change from the earlier view that depression could be cured by changingcircumstances.
3. put people in touch with their own feelings rather than depending on psychologists.
4. reflected the emergence of neuroscience as the authority on human emotions.
Answer: introduced greater stress into people’s lives as they were expected to be responsiblefor their own happiness.
Explanation :
Happiness becomes a personal project, that each of us must now work on, likegoing to the gym.. this is given in the last paragraph and directly point to the answer option.
Q. 12: The author’s view would be undermined by which of the following research findings?
Options:
1. There is a definitive move towards the adoption of wearable technology that taps intoemotions.
2. A proliferation of gyms that are collecting data on customer well-being.
3. Individuals worldwide are utilising technologies to monitor and increase their well-being.
4. Stakeholders globally are moving away from collecting data on the well-being ofindividuals.
Answer: Stakeholders globally are moving away from collecting data on the well-being ofindividuals.
Explanation:
the whole passage points at how companies are tracking us to devise plans tomake us happy. Thus if we claim that they are not collecting data anymore, the claim will fallflat on its merit.Further “But it is disquieting that the businesses and experts driving the quantification ofhappiness claim to have our best interests at heart, often concealing their own agendas in theprocess”.
Q. 13: According to the author, Dubai:
Options:
1. develops sophisticated technologies to monitor its inhabitants’ states of mind.
2. incentivises companies that prioritise worker welfare.
3. collaborates with Facebook to selectively influence its inhabitants’ moods.
4. is on its way to becoming one of the world’s happiest cities.
Answer: develops sophisticated technologies to monitor its inhabitants’ states of mind.
Explanation :
the author claims that the everywhere stakeholders (companies, governments )are monitoring us to program and also ,” dream up ever-more elaborate and intrusive ways ofcollecting data on well-being”.
Q. 14: According to the author, wearable technologies and social media are contributing most to:
Options:
1. happiness as a “personal project”.
2. disciplining individuals to be happy.
3. depression as a thing of the past.
4. making individuals aware of stress in their lives.Answer: disciplining individuals to be happy.
Explanation :
in the first paragraph itself the author lays his claim that we are beingmonitored w.r.t our emotions and then optimized to make us happy. Then he states “This isdriven, in part, by a trend in “measuring” positive emotions, mostly so they can beoptimized”.
15. From the passage we can infer that the author would like economists to:
Options:
1. correlate measurements of happiness with economic indicators.
2. measure the effectiveness of Facebook and social media advertising.
3. incorporate psychological findings into their research cautiously.
4. work closely with neuroscientists to understand human behaviour.
Answer: correlate measurements of happiness with economic indicators.
Explanation :
the first paragraph states directly “But today there is a great deal of emphasis on how happiness can shape global economies, or— on a smaller scale — successful business practice.” Which translates into author’s demand for establishing the link between happiness and eco-indicators.
Passage 4
When researchers at Emory University in Atlanta trained mice to fear the smell of almonds(by pairing it with electric shocks), they found, to their consternation, that both the children and grandchildren of these mice were spontaneously afraid of the same smell. That is not supposed to happen. Generations of schoolchildren have been taught that the inheritance of acquired characteristics is impossible. A mouse should not be born with something its parents have learned during their lifetimes, any more than a mouse that loses its tail in an accident should give birth to tailless mice. . . .
Modern evolutionary biology dates back to a synthesis that emerged around the 1940s-60s,which married Charles Darwin’s mechanism of natural selection with Greg or Mendel’s discoveries of how genes are inherited. The traditional, and still dominant, view is that adaptations – from the human brain to the peacock’s tail – are fully and satisfactorily explained by natural selection (and subsequent inheritance). Yet [new evidence] from genomics, epigenetics and developmental biology [indicates] that evolution is more complex than we once assumed. . . .
In his book On Human Nature (1978), the evolutionary biologist Edward O Wilson claimed that human culture is held on a genetic leash. The metaphor [needs revision]. . . . Imagine a dog-walker (the genes) struggling to retain control of a brawny mastiff (human culture). The pair’s trajectory (the pathway of evolution) reflects the outcome of the struggle. Now imagine the same dog-walker struggling with multiple dogs, on leashes of varied lengths, with each dog tugging in different directions. All these tugs represent the influence of developmental factors, including epigenetics, antibodies and hormones passed on by parents, as well as the ecological legacies and culture they bequeath. . . .
The received wisdom is that parental experiences can’t affect the characters of their offspring.Except they do. The way that genes are expressed to produce an organism’s phenotype – the actual characteristics it ends up with – is affected by chemicals that attach to them.Everything from diet to air pollution to parental behaviour can influence the addition or removal of these chemical marks, which switches genes on or off. Usually these so-called ‘epigenetic’ attachments are removed during the production of sperm and eggs cells, but it turns out that some escape the resetting process and are passed on to the next generation,along with the genes. This is known as ‘epigenetic inheritance’, and more and more studies are confirming that it really happens. Let’s return to the almond-fearing mice. The inheritance of an epigenetic mark transmitted in the sperm is what led the mice’s offspring to acquire an inherited fear. . . .
Epigenetics is only part of the story. Through culture and society, [humans and other animals]inherit knowledge and skills acquired by [their] parents. . . . All this complexity . . . points to an evolutionary process in which genomes (over hundreds to thousands of generations),epigenetic modifications and inherited cultural factors (over several, perhaps tens or hundreds of generations), and parental effects (over single-generation time spans) collectively inform hyhow organisms adapt. These extra-genetic kinds of inheritance give organisms the flexibility to make rapid adjustments to environmental challenges, dragging genetic change in their wake – much like a rowdy pack of dogs.
Q. 16: The Emory University experiment with mice points to the inheritance of:
Options:
E
1. psychological markers
2. acquired characteristics
3. personality traits
4. acquired parental fears
Answer: acquired characteristics
Explanation:
the statement in the first paragraph “Generations of schoolchildren have beentaught that the inheritance of acquired characteristics is impossible.” Indirectly points to thisoption.
Q. 17: Which of the following best describes the author’s argument?Options:
1. Darwin’s and Mendel’s theories together best explain evolution.
2. Mendel’s theory of inheritance is unfairly underestimated in explaining evolution.
3. Wilson’s theory of evolution is scientifically superior to either Darwin’s or Mendel’s.
4. Darwin’s theory of natural selection cannot fully explain evolution.
Answer: Wilson’s theory of evolution is scientifically superior to either Darwin’s orMendel’s.
Explanation:
Author states that despite the old wisdom the new findings are changing the waywe look at evolution and also “Yet [new evidence] from genomics, epigenetics anddevelopmental biology [indicates] that evolution is more complex than we once assumed. . .”
Q. 18:Which of the following, if found to be true, would negate the main message of the passage?
Options:
1. A study affirming the influence of socio-cultural markers on evolutionary processes.
2. A study highlighting the criticality of epigenetic inheritance to evolution.
3. A study indicating the primacy of ecological impact on human adaptation.
4. A study affirming the sole influence of natural selection and inheritance on evolution.
Answer:
A study affirming the sole influence of natural selection and inheritance onevolution.
Explanation : Since the author claimed that ONLY genetic an evolutionary changes are nothappening but cultural traits are also being inherited, this option will show that the onlyinfluence is genetic or natural selection
Q. 19: The passage uses the metaphor of a dog walker to argue that evolutionary adaptation is most comprehensively understood as being determined by:
Options:
1. extra genetic, genetic, epigenetic and genomic legacies.
2. socio-cultural, genetic, epigenetic, and genomic legacies
3. ecological, hormonal, extra genetic and genetic legacies.
4. genetic, epigenetic, developmental factors, and ecological legacies.
Answer: genetic, epigenetic, developmental factors, and ecological legacies.
Explanation :
the author argues for all these traits in the passage and this is the example hegives to support his claim.
Q. 20: In the first paragraph, the author laments the fact that:
Options:
1. there is no recognition of the Indian soldiers who served in the Second World War.
2. the new war memorial will be built right next to India Gate.
3. India lost thousands of human lives during the Second World War.
4. funds will be wasted on another war memorial when we already have the India Gatememorial.
Answer: there is no recognition of the Indian soldiers who served in the Second World War.
Explanation :
India’s contribution to the Second World War is airbrushed out of existence.This is the main line the author wants attention to be drawn towards. His tone is ofdisappointment throughout the passage and thus this option fits the best.
Passage 5
The Indian government [has] announced an international competition to design a National War Memorial in New Delhi, to honour all of the Indian soldiers who served in the various wars and counter-insurgency campaigns from 1947 on wards. The terms of the competition also specified that the new structure would be built adjacent to the India Gate – a memorial to the Indian soldiers who died in the First World War. Between the old imperialist memorial and the proposed nationalist one, India’s contribution to the Second World War is air brushed out of existence.
The Indian government’s conception of the war memorial was not merely absent-minded.Rather, it accurately reflected the fact that both academic history and popular memory have yet to come to terms with India’s Second World War, which continues to be seen as little more than mood music in the drama of India’s advance towards independence and partition in 1947. Further, the political trajectory of the post war subcontinent has militated against popular remembrance of the war. With partition and the onset of the India-Pakistan rivalry,both of the new nations needed fresh stories for self-legitimisation rather than focusing on shared wartime experiences.
However, the Second World War played a crucial role in both the independence and partition of India. . . . The Indian army recruited, trained and deployed some 2.5 million men, almost 90,000 of which were killed and many more injured. Even at the time, it was recognised as the largest volunteer force in the war. . . .
India’s material and financial contribution to the war was equally significant. India emerged as a major military-industrial and logistical base for Allied operations in south-east Asia and the Middle East. This led the United States to take considerable interest in the country’s future, and ensured that this was no longer the preserve of the British government.Other wartime developments pointed in the direction of India’s independence. In a stunning reversal of its long-standing financial relationship with Britain, India finished the war as one of the largest creditors to the imperial power.
Such extraordinary mobilization for war was achieved at great human cost, with the Bengal famine the most extreme manifestation of widespread wartime deprivation. The costs on India’s home front must be counted in millions of lives.
Indians signed up to serve on the war and home fronts for a variety of reasons. . . . [M]any were convinced that their contribution would open the doors to India’s freedom. . . . The political and social churn triggered by the war was evident in the massive waves of popular protest and unrest that washed over rural and urban India in the aftermath of the conflict. This turmoil was crucial in persuading the Attlee government to rid itself of the incubus of ruling India. . . . Seventy years on, it is time that India engaged with the complex legacies of the Second World War. Bringing the war into the ambit of the new national memorial would be a fitting– if not overdue – recognition that this was India’s War.
Q. 21: The phrase “mood music” is used in the second paragraph to indicate that the Second World War is viewed as:
Options:
1. setting the stage for the emergence of the India–Pakistan rivalry in the subcontinent.
2. a tragic period in terms of loss of lives and national wealth.
3. a backdrop to the subsequent independence and partition of the region.
4. a part of the narrative on the ill-effects of colonial rule on India.
Answer: a backdrop to the subsequent independence and partition of the region.
Explanation :
which continues to be seen as little more than mood music in the drama ofIndia’s advance towards independence and partition in 1947 … ..this line directly mentionsthe answer option.
Q. 22: The author lists all of the following as outcomes of the Second World War EXCEPT:
Options:
1. independence of the subcontinent and its partition into two countries.
2. US recognition of India’s strategic location and role in the War.
3. large-scale deaths in Bengal as a result of deprivation and famine.
4. the large financial debt India owed to Britain after the War.
Answer: the large financial debt India owed to Britain after the War.
Explanation:
the line “In a stunning reversal of its long-standing financial relationship withBritain, India finished the war as one of the largest creditors to the imperial power.“ directlycontradicts the answer option.
Q. 23:The author claims that omitting mention of Indians who served in the Second World War from the new National War Memorial is:
Options:
1. a reflection of the academic and popular view of India’s role in the War.
2. appropriate as their names can always be included in the India Gate memorial.
3. a reflection of misplaced priorities of the post-independence Indian governments.
4. is something which can be rectified in future by constructing a separate memorial.
Answer: a reflection of the academic and popular view of India’s role in the War.
Explanation :
it accurately reflected the fact that both academic history and popular memoryhave yet to come to terms with India’s Second World War..This line directly points to the answer option.
Q. 24:The author suggests that a major reason why India has not so far acknowledged its role in the Second World War is that it:
Options:
E
1. blames the War for leading to the momentous partition of the country.
2. wants to forget the human and financial toll of the War on the country.
3. has been focused on building an independent, non-colonial political identity.
4. views the War as a predominantly Allied effort, with India playing only a supporting role.
Answer: has been focused on building an independent, non-colonial political identity.
Explanation:
. With partition and the onset of the India-Pakistan rivalry, both of the newnations needed fresh stories for self-legitimization rather than focusing on shared wartime experiences.This line directly leads to this option
Q. 25:The four sentences (labelled 1,2,3,4) given in this question, when properly sequenced,form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a number. Decide on the proper sequence of order of the sentences and key in this sequence of four numbers as your answer:
1. Impartiality and objectivity are fiendishly difficult concepts that can cause all sorts ofinjustices even if transparently implemented.
2. It encourages us into bubbles of people we know and like, while blinding us to differentperspectives, but the deeper problem of ‘transparency’ lies in the words “…and much more”.
3. Twitter’s website says that “tweets you are likely to care about most will show up first inyour timeline…based on accounts you interact with most, tweets you engage with, and muchmore.”
4. We are only told some of the basic principles, and we can’t see the algorithm itself, makingit hard for citizens to analyse the system sensibly or fairly or be convinced of its impartialityand objectivity
Answer : 3241
Explanation :
3 Twitter’s website says that “tweets you are likely to care about most will show up first inyour timeline…based on accounts you interact with most, tweets you engage with, and muchmore.”
2 It encourages us into bubbles of people we know and like, while blinding us to differentperspectives, but the deeper problem of ‘transparency’ lies in the words “…and much more”.
[3 and 2 are mandatory pair as they talk about what twitter says and how it changes the waywe interact with people]
4 We are only told some of the basic principles, and we can’t SEE THE ALGORITHMITSELF, making it hard for citizens to analyze the system sensibly or fairly or be convincedof its impartiality and objectivity. [4th shows the reality behind the twitter’s announcementand how it does not tell us the real logic behind how the people are chosen ]
1 Impartiality and objectivity are fiendishly difficult concepts that can cause all sorts ofinjustices even if transparently implemented. [this summarizes the concept of impartiality andobjectivity and shows what the twitter example leads to .. that impartiality and objectivity arequite difficult to understand]
Q. 26:Five sentences related to a topic are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph. Identify the odd one out. Choose its number as your answer and key it in.
Options:
Answer:
Though long since scientifically disproved, this factoid is still routinely trotted out.Explanation: Each other line discusses the RELATIONSHIP between bumblebee andtranslators. This line does not talk about the relation and thus cannot fit.
Q. 27: The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, and 4) given in this question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper order for the sentences and key in this sequence of four numbers as your answer.
1. The woodland’s canopy receives most of the sunlight that falls on the trees.
2. Swifts do not confine themselves to woodlands, but hunt wherever there are insects in theair.
3. With their streamlined bodies, swifts are agile flyers, ideally adapted to twisting andturning through the air as they chase flying insects – the creatures that form their staple diet.
4. Hundreds of thousands of insects fly in the sunshine up above the canopy, some fallingprey to swifts and swallows
Ans: 1432
1 The woodland’s canopy receives most of the sunlight that falls on the trees. [the only wayto start this passage is introduction to the woodland canopy and how it attracts insect fly]
4 Hundreds of thousands of insects fly in the sunshine up above the canopy, some fallingprey to swifts and swallows.
[ 4th carries forward the description and show what happens in the sunlight falling on thecanopy]
[so 14 are mandatory pairs]
3 With their streamlined bodies, swifts are agile flyers, ideally adapted to twisting and turningthrough the air as they chase flying insects – the creatures that form their staple diet. [ now,since we have introduced swifts in 4th line, we need to extend the description. This is done by3. It also shows how swifts catch insect fly ]
2 Swifts do not confine themselves to woodlands, but hunt wherever there are insects in theair
2 shows that the swifts are not limited to canopy but are universal in area.
Q. 28: The passage given below is followed by four summaries. Choose the option that best captures the author’s position.
Production and legitimation of scientific knowledge can be approached from a number ofperspectives. To study knowledge production from the sociology of professions perspectivewould mean a focus on the institutionalization of a body of knowledge. The professionsapproach informed earlier research on managerial occupation, business schools andmanagement knowledge. It however tends to reify institutional power structures in itsunderstanding of the links between knowledge and authority. Knowledge production isrestricted in the perspective to the selected members of the professional community, mostnotably to the university faculties and professional colleges. Power is understood as anegative mechanism, which prevents the non-professional actors from offering their ideas andinformation as legitimate knowledge.
Options:
E
1. Professions-approach aims at the institutionalization of knowledge but restricts knowledgeproduction as a function of a select few.
2. The study of knowledge production can be done through many perspectives.
3. Professions-approach focuses on the creation of institutions of higher education anddisciplines to promote knowledge production
4. The professions-approach has been one of the most relied upon perspective in the study ofmanagement knowledge production.
Answer: Professions-approach aims at the institutionalization of knowledge but restrictsknowledge production as a function of a select few.
Explanation :
e. It however tends to reify institutional power structures in its understanding ofthe links between knowledge and authority. Knowledge production is restricted in theperspective to the selected members of the professional community, most notably to theuniversity faculties and professional colleges.The major claim of the author is related to these lines. The strong language, the connector“however” all point to the answer option
Q. 29: The passage given below is followed by four summaries. Choose the option that best captures the author’s position.
Artificial embryo twinning is a relatively low-tech way to make clones. As the namesuggests, this technique mimics the natural process that creates identical twins. In nature,twins form very early in development when the embryo splits in two. Twinning happens inthe first days after egg and sperm join, while the embryo is made of just a small number ofunspecialized cells. Each half of the embryo continues dividing on its own, ultimately developing into separate, complete individuals. Since they developed from the same fertilizedegg, the resulting individuals are genetically identical.
Options:
1. Artificial embryo twinning is low-tech and mimetic of the natural development ofgenetically identical twins from the embryo after fertilization.
2. Artificial embryo twinning is low-tech unlike the natural development of identical twinsfrom the embryo after fertilization.
3. Artificial embryo twinning is just like the natural development of twins, where duringfertilization twins are formed.
4. Artificial embryo twinning is low-tech and is close to the natural development of twinswhere the embryo splits into two identical twins.
Ans: Artificial embryo twinning is low-tech and mimetic of the natural development ofgenetically identical twins from the embryo after fertilization.
Explanation : Basically you can eliminate other options easily2 is factually wrong as it says AE is unlike natural development3 is wrong as it loses out on the exclusion of crucial information [mimetic nature of AE andthe process]4 says AE is close to natural development which is wrong as AE is exact copy of naturaldevelopment.
Q. 30:The passage given below is followed by four summaries. Choose the option that best captures the author’s position.The conceptualization of landscape as a geometric object first occurred in Europe and is historically related to the European conceptualization of the organism, particularly the human body, as a geometric object with parts having a rational, three-dimensional organization and integration. The European idea of landscape appeared before the science of landscapeemerged, and it is no coincidence that Renaissance artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, who studied the structure of the human body, also facilitated an understanding of the structure of landscape. Landscape which had been a subordinate background to religious or historical narratives, became an independent genre or subject of art by the end of sixteenth century or the beginning of the seventeenth century.
Options:
E
1. Landscape became a major subject of art at the turn of the sixteenth century.
2. The three-dimensional understanding of the organism in Europe led to a similar approachtowards the understanding of landscape.
3. The study of landscape as an independent genre was aided by the Renaissance artists.
4. The Renaissance artists were responsible for the study of landscape as a subject of art.
Answer: The three-dimensional understanding of the organism in Europe led to a similarapproach towards the understanding of landscape.
Explanation: again elimination made it easy1 is wrong as we cannot conclude that landscape became a MAJOR subject of art3 is wrong as it picks up only a minor detail of the passage4 distorts the facts. Renaissance artists facilitated but were not responsible for study oflandscape
Q. 31:The four sentences (labelled 1,2,3,4) given in this question, when properly sequenced,form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a number. Decide on the proper sequence of order of the sentences and key in this sequence of four numbers as your answer:
1. But now we have another group: the unwitting enablers.
2. Democracy and high levels of inequality of the kind that have come to characterize theUnited States are simply incompatible.
3. Believing these people are working for a better world, they are, actually, at most, chippingaway at the margins, making slight course corrections, ensuring the system goes on as it is,uninterrupted.
4. Very rich people will always use money to maintain their political and economic power.
Answer: 2413
2 Democracy and high levels of inequality of the kind that have come to characterize theUnited States are simply incompatible. [the sentence shows the main idea i.e. Democracy andinequality which are main feature of US are not compatible with each other]
4 Very rich people will always use money to maintain their political and economic power.[4th carries out the idea that very rich people use money against democracy]
1 But now we have another group: the unwitting enablers. [ this line introduces another kindof people who make democracy and inequality incompatible. The key lies in the wordsUNWITTIN ENABLERS.. this means these people unknowingly cause something to happen]
3 Believing these people are working for a better world, they are, actually, at most, chippingaway at the margins, making slight course corrections, ensuring the system goes on as it is,uninterrupted. [3 show what goes wrong with unwitting people ]
Q. 32: Five sentences related to a topic are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph. Identify the odd one out.
Options:
1. In many cases time inconsistency is what prevents our going from intention to action.
2. For people to continuously postpone getting their children immunized, they would need tobe constantly fooled by themselves.
3. In the specific case of immunization, however, it is hard to believe that time inconsistencyby itself would be sufficient to make people permanently postpone the decision if they werefully cognizant of its benefits.
4. In most cases, even a small cost of immunization was large enough to discourage mostpeople.
Answer: In most cases, even a small cost of immunization was large enough to discouragemost people.
Explanation.
While 123 talk about the time inconsistency problem in immunization, 4 talksabout COST which is a different aspect whole together.
Q. 33:Five sentences related to a topic are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph. Identify the odd one out.
Options:
1. Displacement in Bengal is thus not very significant in view of its magnitude.
2. A factor of displacement in Bengal is the shifting course of the Ganges leading to erosionof river banks.
3. The nature of displacement in Bengal makes it an interesting case study.
4. Since displacement due to erosion is well spread over a long period of time, it remainsinvisible.
Answer: Displacement in Bengal is thus not very significant in view of its magnitude.
Explanation: while 234 talk about the importance of nature of displacement, 1 uses anopposite tone and thus is wrong.
Q. 34:The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, and 4) given in this question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper order for the sentences and key in this sequence of four numbers as your answer.
1. The eventual diagnosis was skin cancer and after treatment all seemed well.
2. The viola player didn’t know what it was; nor did her GP.
3. Then a routine scan showed it had come back and spread to her lungs.
4. It started with a lump on Cathy Perkins’ index finger.
Ans: 4213
It started with a lump on Cathy Perkins’ index finger. [the sentence talks about the skincancer which is later discussed. Thus this will start the passage]
The viola player didn’t know what it was; nor did her GP. [2 extends the idea and tells theinitial response of the Cathy]
The eventual diagnosis was skin cancer and after treatment all seemed well. [since wemention the initial idea in 2.. 1 will follow as 1 shows that GP was able to diagnose and cure]
THEN a routine scan showed IT HAD COME BACK and spread to her lungs. [3 shows the return of the cancer and how it caused more damage]
