iQuanta has launched a Mini Mock Series covering all the sections of the CLAT exam, these questions have been handpicked by our faculty based on the latest CLAT exam pattern.
Instructions:-
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.
The warming of the atmosphere that blankets the earth and makes it habitable is the greatest threat that humanity faces in this century. One happy development is that this statement does not need to be defended at any great length because a consensus on the facts and projections about climate change has been built up over the past three decades. The debate now is increasingly about the actions that need to be taken—by whom and when—both for mitigating the extent of temperature increase and for adapting human societies to the temperature increase that is now unavoidable. This debate has several dimensions.
First, the scientific debate is not entirely over. There is a broad consensus that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the principal source of the increases in global temperature that have already been seen and that are projected to take place in the future. However, there are still many uncertainties about some of the parameters used in these projections, the impact of factors like aerosols, the risk of extreme weather events, the variation of impact by region, and the effect of changes in the climate on ecosystems and economic activities. Hence, a continuing process of scientific investigation is necessary.
Second, managing this threat necessarily requires global cooperation because of the planetary nature of the GHG cycles and the worldwide impact of an increase in the average global temperature. A global negotiating process for securing agreement on who does what and when has been underway for about three decades and the outcome remains a work in progress. Climate change has also become a major issue in other global forums, like the G20. Hence, climate diplomacy has become a major feature of international relations.
Third, the fulcrum for action is very much at the national level. The commitments that emerge from climate diplomacy, including, for instance, the nationally determined contributions required under the Paris Agreement of 2015, have to be implemented through changes in national laws and policies. This is particularly true for energy policy which is the centrepiece of climate action programmes. Hence, the debate on the required actions has to connect the global to the national level.
Finally, climate action cannot be separated from other goals of development policy. This is particularly true for adaptation actions directed at coping with temperature changes that are unavoidable, but it also applies to mitigation action. There are often synergies between climate goals and other development goals, like poverty eradication, self-reliance, disaster risk reduction, and so on. Hence, the debate on climate action has to be embedded in the broader debate about development goals and policies.
Current Affairs and General Knowledge
Israel sought on May 21 to contain the fallout from a request by the chief prosecutor of the world’s top war crimes court for arrest warrants for Israeli and Hamas leaders, a move supported by three European countries.
3 countries each said Monday they backed the decision by International Criminal Court prosecutor Karim Khan, who accused Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, his Defence Minister, and Hamas leaders— of war crimes and crimes against humanity in the Gaza Strip and Israel.
While no one faces imminent arrest, the announcement deepens Israel’s global isolation at a time when it is facing growing criticism from even its closest allies over the war in Gaza.
Legal Reasoning
Directions: The question is based on the reasoning and arguments, or facts and principles set out in the passage. Some of these principles may not be true in the real or legal sense, yet you must conclusively assume that they are true for the purpose. Please answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. Do not rely on any principle of law other than the ones supplied to you, and do not assume any facts other than those supplied to you when answering the question. Please choose the option that most accurately and comprehensively answers the question.
The 2019 Act has brought in some major changes and provides for more protection to the consumers in pari materia to the earlier 1986 Act which can be seen from the comprehensive definition provided for the terms ‘consumer’ and ‘unfair trade practice’. The 2019 Act expands the scope of the definition of ‘consumer’ so as to include the consumers involved in online transactions and it now squarely covers the e-commerce businesses within its ambit. The 2019 Act has also widened the definition of ‘unfair trade practices’ as compared to the 1986 Act which now includes within its ambit online misleading advertisements; the practice of not issuing bill/memo for the goods and services; failing to take back defective goods or deactivate defective services and refund the amount within the stipulated time mentioned in the bill or memo or within 30 days in the absence of such stipulation; and disclosing personal information of a consumer unless such disclosure is in accordance with law.
The 2019 Act has also introduced the concept of ‘unfair contract’ which includes those contracts which favour the manufacturers or service providers and are against the interest of the consumers such as contracts requiring manifestly excessive security deposits to be given by a consumer for the performance of contractual obligations; imposing any penalty on the consumer for a breach of the contract, which is wholly disproportionate to the loss occurred due to such breach to the other party to the contract. Such unfair consumer contracts are now covered under the 2019 Act and a complaint in this regard can now be filed by a consumer.
Another major introduction in the 2019 Act is the concept of ‘product liability’ which covers within its ambit the product manufacturer, product service provider and product seller, for any claim for compensation. The term ‘product liability’ is defined by the 2019 Act as the responsibility of a product manufacturer or product seller, of any product or service, related to the product to compensate for any harm caused to a consumer by such defective product manufactured or sold or by deficiency in services relating to the product. Also, the product seller has now been defined to include a person who is involved in placing the product for a commercial purpose and as such would include e-commerce platforms as well. Therefore, the ground commonly taken by e-commerce websites that they merely act as ‘platforms’ or ‘aggregators’ will now not be tenable before the court anymore. There are increased liability risks for manufacturers as compared to product service providers and product sellers, considering that under the 2019 Act, manufacturers will be liable in product liability action even where they successfully prove that they were not negligent or fraudulent in making the express warranty of a product. However, certain exceptions have been provided under the 2019 Act from liability claims, such as, that the product seller will not be liable where the product has been misused, altered or modified.
Logical Reasoning
Global warming and the climate crisis have emerged as the relentless forces that are continually stressing the global development ambitions outlined by the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The increasing frequency of extreme weather events, including floods, droughts, heat waves and air pollution has broad ramifications on sustainable development sectors such as health, education, gender equality, and economic growth. Particularly in India, these challenges threaten to derail the development trajectory and impede the achievement of the SDGs. The situation is further complicated for marginalized communities, who are often most vulnerable. Their reliance on natural resources and limited ability to adapt to changing conditions heightens the risk, leading to significant economic repercussions.
For example, multiple studies in India have shown that climate change and consequent natural calamities are driving down crop production and nutritional value, leading to food insecurity and malnutrition on an unprecedented scale. As the world grapples with the multifaceted challenges of the climate crisis, understanding its intricate relationship with the SDGs becomes crucial. A telling example can be seen in India’s rapid urbanisation; where over 30% of the population now resides in cities, a figure expected to rise to 40% by 2030. This urban growth has led to increased demands for energy and water, worsening air quality, and a host of health impacts.
These complexities are explored in the comprehensive report, Our Uncommon Future: Intersectionality of Climate Change and SDGs in the Global South developed in collaboration with Dasra and Observer Research Foundation. Highlighting the interconnectedness of environmental, social, and economic issues, the report emphasises how climate change obstructs the achievement of SDGs, particularly in the developing regions most susceptible to its impacts. These interrelated challenges underline the importance of understanding the climate-SDG nexus in the Global South, and demand a multifaceted approach, keeping the vulnerable communities and people at the centre of the discourse.
All stakeholders, including governments, civil society organisations, philanthropy, and communities, have the potential to scale inclusive and equitable climate action by exploring pathways of building resilient societies and systems. In our efforts to fight the climate crisis, the role of civil society organisations (CSOs) in building resilience within communities is paramount.
Quantitative Techniques
Directions:Â Read the following information and answer the question.
A company in India manufactures 5 different types of product such as A, B, C, D and E. The company’s head office is located in Mumbai; however, its branches are there all over the India. The products are manufactured and sold within India only. The total manufacturing of the company for the financial year 2020-2021 is 4,000 tonnes and the total profit earned from all the five types of product is Rs. 70 million. Further, individual data for each type of product was analysed and it was found that out of the total manufacturing, the percentage for product A was 12% and 10% of the total profit was earned from product A. Product B is 18% of the total manufacturing; however, 25% of the total profit is earned from it. Products C and D are 10% and 35% of the total manufacturing, respectively. The profit earned from product C is 15% of the total profit earned, but the profit earned from product D is 13% more than the profit earned from product C. An amount earned as a profit from product E accumulates to 22% of the total profit; however, product E is just 25% of the total manufacturing.