iQuanta has launched a Mini Mock Series covering all the sections of the CLAT exam, these questions have been handpicked by our faculty based on the latest CLAT exam pattern.
Instructions:-
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage. Please answer each question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the corresponding passage. In some instances, more than one option may be the answer to the question; in such a case, please choose the option that most accurately and comprehensively answers the question.
Norway has a long history of supporting digital public goods and is a proud co-founder and member of the DPGA, which provides a registry of certified digital public goods. Norway also recently pledged to become a frontrunner country in the 50-in-5 campaign, which was launched last week by the DPGA, the United Nations Development Programme and others. In this campaign, countries pledge to make at least one national digital goods available globally in the next five years. I can see only benefits in doing so. If taxpayers are paying for the development of national systems which can be shared without creating scarcity nor competition, then the default should be that it should be released globally as a digital public good. As the Minister of International Development, I am happy and proud to see that some of the digital public goods that Norway has already provided are being put to good use across the world.
Norway has a long history of supporting digital public goods and is a proud co-founder and member of the DPGA, which provides a registry of certified digital public goods. Norway also recently pledged to become a frontrunner country in the 50-in-5 campaign, which was launched last week by the DPGA, the United Nations Development Programme and others. In this campaign, countries pledge to make at least one national digital goods available globally in the next five years. I can see only benefits in doing so. If taxpayers are paying for the development of national systems which can be shared without creating scarcity nor competition, then the default should be that it should be released globally as a digital public good. As the Minister of International Development, I am happy and proud to see that some of the digital public goods that Norway has already provided are being put to good use across the world. Countries also need to ensure the safeguarding of digital sovereignty without tampering with an open, free and secure Internet for all or leading to Internet fragmentation by states and non-state actors. At the end of the day, sovereignty is every country’s first concern, and open solutions such as digital public goods are a good way to ensure not to end up in a vendor-lock or paid subscription mode. In the face of these complex challenges, the good thing is that we have a compass for the journey ahead, based on certifying and pooling our digital public goods under the global lead of the DPGA.
Quantitative Techniques
Logical Reasoning
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
Australia is “unapologetically ambitious” about its relationship with India, and is keen to do more together in the strategic Indo-Pacific island states, a top Australian envoy said on Tuesday. The two nations have complementary knowledge and strengths in supporting island nations, he said. “Australia and India share a vision… of an Indo-Pacific where the sovereignty of all states, big and small alike, is respected, where states can make decisions free from coercion,” Philip Green, the Australian High Commissioner to India, said.
Green was speaking here at the ‘Kolkata Dialogue – Australia and India: Working Together to Build Island State Resilience’, organised by the Australia India Institute in partnership with India’s Observer Research Foundation. “Australia is unapologetically ambitious for our relationship with India. We believe there is tremendous potential for us to do more together in both Indian and the Pacific Islands,” he said. The ‘Kolkata Dialogue’ coincided with the two-day 13th Indo-Pacific Army Chiefs’ Conference in New Delhi, which started on Tuesday.
Australian and Indian experts deliberated at the ‘Kolkata Dialogue’ on subjects such as building climate resilience in the Indo-Pacific island states, countering economic coercion and disinformation in the region. “We have entered a decisive decade that holds considerable promise for the Indo-Pacific. But there are certainly challenges, too. Competition between great powers is escalating. Rules are being threatened and undermined. We see that in the South China Sea, and of course, we see it on India’s own borders.
“Rapid military buildup, grey zone tactics, coercive statecraft persistently threatened stability in the Indo-Pacific, and new and emerging threats are starting to intersect with geopolitics, climate change, pandemics, supply chain instability and inflation,” Green said. The envoy also said Australia’s work in the Indian Ocean is far less mature than it is in the Pacific, and the continent has an ambition to do more in this “crucial domain”. “Yes, our effort there (Indian Ocean) is not mature. But, nor are we starting from scratch. We are ramping up our footprint and our operational presence. This year, Australia opened a diplomatic mission in the Maldives. We now have a resident defence adviser in Bangladesh as well as our long-standing high commission there, and we have elevated our defence presence in New Delhi,” Green said. Australia India Institute Chief Executive Lisa Singh said the ‘Kolkata Dialogue’ was the first major security event hosted by an Australian institution in the eastern metropolis.
Legal Reasoning
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
Consideration is a fundamental element in contract law, serving as the linchpin that ensures agreements are enforceable. Without consideration, a contract is deemed void because it lacks the essential component that transforms a mere promise into a binding legal obligation. Consideration need not be adequate in a strictly economic sense; it must merely be of some value in the eyes of the law. This principle acknowledges that the parties to a contract are free to determine the value of the consideration exchanged, and the courts generally do not interfere with this assessment as long as something of legal value is exchanged.
One critical aspect of consideration is that it cannot be past consideration. Past consideration refers to an act or benefit given before the promise was made and thus cannot be used to support a subsequent promise. For example, if Party A helps Party B move into a new house, and Party B later promises to pay Party A for the help, Party A’s past assistance does not constitute valid consideration for Party B’s promise. However, an exception exists where the past act was done at the request of the promisor. If Party B had asked Party A to help move with an understanding that payment would follow, then the subsequent promise to pay can be seen as valid consideration.
Moreover, consideration must be given at the request of the other party. This requirement underscores the mutuality of the contractual exchange. An act performed voluntarily or at one’s own initiative does not qualify as consideration. For instance, if Party A cleans Party B’s garden without any prior agreement or request from Party B, Party B’s subsequent promise to pay for the cleaning is not supported by valid consideration. The act of cleaning was not done at Party B’s request, making it insufficient to form the basis of an enforceable contract.
The requirement that consideration be at the request of the other party ensures that both parties have actively engaged in the exchange, thereby reinforcing the notion of a mutually agreed-upon contract. This principle is crucial because it emphasizes that for a contract to be binding, both parties must have intended to create legal relations and understood that their actions would form the basis of a contractual obligation.
Additionally, consideration must be something that both parties view as having some value, even if the value is not substantial. For instance, a nominal amount of money or a trivial service can still constitute valid consideration as long as it is something that the law recognizes as having value. The law’s recognition of the subjective value allows for a wide range of agreements to be enforceable, reflecting the diverse needs and expectations of contracting parties. In summary, consideration is indispensable in contract law, ensuring that agreements are grounded in a reciprocal exchange of value. Contracts are void in the absence of consideration because they lack the essential element that makes promises legally enforceable. While consideration need not be adequate, it must have some value in the eyes of the law. Past consideration is generally not valid unless it was performed at the request of the other party. This requirement that consideration be at the request of the other party highlights the mutual nature of contractual agreements and ensures that the obligations undertaken are intentional and recognized by both parties. By adhering to these principles, contract law maintains the integrity and enforceability of agreements, providing a reliable framework for private and commercial transactions.
Current Affairs & General Knowledge
The final ‘Report of India’s G20 Task Force on Digital Public Infrastructure’ by ‘India’s G20 Task Force on Digital Public Infrastructure for Economic Transformation, Financial Inclusion and Development’ was released in New Delhi, today. The Task Force was led by the Co-Chairs — [1] , G20 Sherpa of India and Shri Nandan Nilekani, Co-founder and Chairman of Infosys and the Founding Chairman of UIDAI (Aadhaar). The work of this Task Force had led to the acceptance of the definition and framework of the Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) during India’s G20 Presidency and will be taken forward for implementation during the Brazilian and South African Presidencies. After a very successful G20 Presidency and upon the culmination of its tenure, the Report of the Task Force is aimed at strengthening the foundations of DPI worldwide. On the occasion of releasing the report, [1] , G20 Sherpa of India, said, “India did an incredible pole vault in Digital Public Infrastructure. We achieved in 9 years what would have taken 50 years without DPI. Today in India, UPI is used at all levels from street vendors to large shopping malls, with the highest percentage of digital transactions globally, accounting for nearly 46% share. All these proved to be building blocks for India to steer through the COVID-19 pandemic, be it transfer $4.5 billion into the bank accounts of 160 million beneficiaries or facilitate distribution of 2.5 million vaccinations in two years with digital vaccine certificates on mobiles. We are far advanced in terms of digitisation and I am confident, this report will be the guiding North Star for the world to follow.” On the occasion, Co-Chair of Task Force, Shri Nandan Nilekani, said, “Governments and businesses around the world are increasingly realising that if they really want to achieve SDGs and social goals like inclusive growth, it has to have underlying DPI to make that happen. DPI has the power to dramatically improve the lives of citizens and transform governance. It has happened here in India and it started with the Aadhaar ID system, aimed at providing a digital identity to every Indian. Now, around 1.3 billion Indians possess this digital ID and on average 10 million eKYC per day is being facilitated through Aadhar. Meanwhile in payment, UPI facilitates 13 billion transactions monthly, serving about 350 million individuals and 50 million merchants and DPI enabled direct transfer has saved Government $41 billion across Central Government Schemes. Therefore, it’s no longer a choice or a luxury, DPI is essential to get to where we want. This Report will play a key role in defining the future course of DPI approach and actions around the globe.” India’s G20 Presidency provided a significant opportunity to set and drive the global policy discourse on key economic and developmental agenda. One of the critical enablers for the development and empowerment of people is technological innovations and technology-led economic transformation. India’s digital public infrastructure (DPI) – digital identity, fast payment system along with consent-based data sharing – has demonstrated how 1.4 billion individuals can access socio-economically important services in the field of finance, health, education, e-Governance, taxation, skills etc.
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