Instructions: –
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage. Please answer each question based on what is stated or implied in the corresponding passage. In some instances, more than one option may be the answer to the question; in such a case, please choose the option that most accurately and comprehensively answers the question.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the field of healthcare by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, personalizing treatment plans, and streamlining administrative processes. One of the most significant impacts of AI is in medical imaging. AI algorithms, particularly those based on deep learning, have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in analysing medical images such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans. These algorithms can identify patterns and anomalies with a high degree of precision, often surpassing human radiologists in terms of speed and accuracy. Moreover, AI-powered tools are being used to develop predictive models that can foresee the likelihood of diseases based on patient data. For instance, predictive analytics can help in early diagnosis of conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases by analysing a patient’s medical history, lifestyle factors, and genetic information. This proactive approach allows for earlier intervention and tailored treatment plans, potentially improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.
In addition to diagnostics and predictive analytics, AI is transforming patient management through automation. Routine administrative tasks such as scheduling appointments, managing patient records, and processing insurance claims can be automated using AI systems. This not only reduces the administrative burden on healthcare professionals but also minimizes errors and improves the efficiency of healthcare delivery. Despite these advancements, the integration of AI in healthcare presents several challenges. Data privacy and security are major concerns, as the vast amounts of personal health information processed by AI systems must be protected from unauthorized access and misuse. Additionally, there is a need for regulatory frameworks to ensure the ethical use of AI technologies and to address issues such as algorithmic bias, where AI systems might inadvertently perpetuate existing inequalities.
The future of AI in healthcare also involves ongoing research to improve the capabilities and applications of these technologies. Innovations such as AI-driven drug discovery and personalized medicine hold the promise of further advancements, offering the potential for more effective treatments and improved patient care. However, it is crucial to balance technological progress with ethical considerations and patient privacy to ensure that the benefits of AI are realized in a responsible manner. All-inclusive AI is poised to significantly transform healthcare by improving diagnostic accuracy, personalizing treatment, and automating administrative tasks. Yet, addressing challenges related to privacy, security, and ethics remains essential to harnessing the full potential of AI in this critical field.
Quantitative Techniques
As per a record, a player named Rahul scored exactly 8,000 runs in five years, i.e. 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. Out of this, 3,000 runs were scored in test cricket and 5,000 runs were scored in one-day cricket. After analysing, it showed that 25% of the total runs were scored in 2015 and the percentage of runs scored in one-day cricket in 2015 was 27% of the total runs scored in one-day cricket. In 2016, the percentage of runs scored in one-day cricket was 16% of the total runs scored in one-day cricket and 22% of the total runs scored in this year. In 2017, the percentage of runs scored in one-day cricket was 19% of the total runs scored in one-day cricket and 17% of the total runs scored in this year. Also, 15% of the total runs were scored in 2018 and the percentage of runs scored in one-day cricket in 2018 was 23% of the total runs scored in one-day cricket. In 2019, the percentage of runs scored in one-day cricket was 15% of the total runs scored in one-day cricket and 21% of the total runs scored in this year.
Logical Reasoning
The concept of smart cities has gained momentum as urban areas seek to enhance their livability, efficiency, and sustainability. Smart cities use digital technology to improve public services, streamline traffic management, and boost energy efficiency. Key components include the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, advanced data analytics, and smart infrastructure. For example, sensors embedded in city infrastructure can monitor air quality, traffic flow, and energy usage, providing real-time data that can be used to optimize city services and infrastructure. One significant benefit of smart cities is their ability to enhance public safety. Surveillance cameras and sensors can help in monitoring and managing urban crime, while advanced emergency response systems can improve the speed and efficiency of dealing with incidents. Moreover, smart technologies can contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing energy consumption and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.
However, the implementation of smart city technologies is not without its challenges. Privacy concerns arise due to increased surveillance and data collection, as citizens may feel their personal information is being monitored excessively. Additionally, the cost of deploying and maintaining smart technologies can be substantial, potentially straining municipal budgets. The need for robust cybersecurity measures is also critical, as smart city systems can be vulnerable to hacking and other cyber threats. Furthermore, the success of smart cities depends on the integration and interoperability of various technologies. Different systems and devices must be able to communicate and work together seamlessly to achieve the desired outcomes. This requires careful planning, coordination, and collaboration among technology providers, city planners, and government officials, while smart cities offer promising benefits in terms of efficiency, safety, and sustainability, their development must address significant concerns related to privacy, cost, and cybersecurity. The future success of smart cities will hinge on balancing these factors and ensuring that technology is implemented in a way that enhances the quality of life for all residents.
Legal Reasoning
The Indian Penal Code, 1860, delineates various offenses and their punishments, but it does not explicitly define the concept of “criminal intent” or mens rea in a single provision. Instead, the concept of mens rea is inferred through various sections and judicial interpretations. In criminal law, mens rea refers to the mental state or intention of the person committing a crime. It is a critical component that determines the culpability of an individual. The principle underlying mens rea is that a person should be held criminally liable only if they acted with a guilty mind, rather than by accident or without intent. The IPC incorporates mens rea through several specific offenses and general principles. For example, Section 299 defines “culpable homicide” as an act done with the intention of causing death or with the knowledge that death is likely to be caused. This implies that the presence of a guilty mind or intention is crucial for an offense to be classified as “culpable homicide.” On the other hand, Section 304A deals with “causing death by negligence,” where mens rea is not required, but merely the negligence or carelessness leading to the death.
The maxim Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea (“An act does not make a person guilty unless there is a guilty mind”) underscores the necessity of mens rea for criminal liability. This principle ensures that mere acts without criminal intent are not punishable. However, there are exceptions where the law imposes strict liability, meaning that even in the absence of mens rea, the individual may be held liable, such as in cases of regulatory offenses.
Section 52 of the IPC defines “good faith” and “reasonably believed,” indicating that for certain offenses, the accused’s belief in the legality of their actions, if reasonably held, may be considered. This highlights that mens rea involves not just the actual intention but also the reasonableness of the belief or knowledge of the individual. Judicial interpretations have further elucidated that mens rea is not uniform across all crimes. For example, in offenses like theft and burglary, mens rea involves the intention to permanently deprive the owner of their property. Conversely, offenses like assault may require only the knowledge that harm is likely to result.
Current Affairs & General Knowledge
The United Kingdom has embarked on a new journey in the evolution of military might by signing onto the Global Combat Aircraft Programme, marking an historic step towards aerospace defense partnerships. This is to such an extent that Prime Minister Keir Starmer confirmed the sixth-generation stealth fighter jet project to form a strategic partnership with Italy and Japan. The GCAP is developed as a strong reaction to new issues of global security concerns, especially that between Russia and China, which underscores their intentions of strengthening their defense postures.
The GCAP integrates two ambitious projects that are the UK’s Tempest Project and Japan’s F-X programme. These integrated efforts profit from an initial UK commitment of £2 billion to Tempest as a sign of a dedicated effort to establishing air dominance. Such cooperation is important for the acceleration of integrated, high-altitude level defense cooperation among the G7, tied together by a common cause: to hold air supremacy with cutting-edge technological developments. This alliance is one giant leap toward making the integration of defense among Western allies ready to confront intensified geopolitical challenges.
Although the actual cost estimate of GCAP is known only to a handful, it will be a multi-billion-dollar project. The allocated funds already provide good evidence of strong political will and confirm the position of GCAP among the most important programmes for the UK and their international partners. This development programme will be completed by 2035 and will mark the second operational sixth generation fighter in the world, after the B-21 Raider currently developed for the United States, a strategic reference point for stealth and combat technology.
The development of the GCAP is expected to be driven by key industrial players. The leadership on this project will be taken up by BAE Systems, the UK’s biggest defense manufacturer. Rolls-Royce will be developing advanced engine solutions, Leonardo Aerospace of Italy and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan play equally significant roles in building the technological foundation of the project. In summary, the consortium reflects the critical role of international industrial cooperation in helping the GCAP reach its end.
The United Kingdom-based joint government headquarters will enable centralised decision-making and management that reflects Britain’s preeminent position. The stealth fighter is supposed to boast open systems architecture and leading stealth and networking technologies that will help put it at the pinnacle of modern military aviation. Modeled partly after the US B-21 Raider, with a mix of both conventional and nuclear capabilities, GCAP will thus be in line with the new generations in defense innovation-in fact, a legacy of resilience and technological prowess that the Raider’s namesake, Doolittle Raid, inspires. Underlining this historical linkage is the timeless effect on such military improvements through strategic vision and international solidarity.