Instructions: –
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
Scientists enjoy history but often prefer reading works by fellow scientists rather than those by professional historians. This aligns with popular interest in science history, where celebrity scientists create engaging stories with heroes and villains, simplifying the complex nature of scientific progress. These simplified stories, while entertaining, can lead to misconceptions about how science truly works. Within the scientific community, they may undermine the critical spirit necessary for success, fostering self-congratulation instead. The danger is in suggesting that current scientific textbooks contain eternal truths, conflicting with the evolving nature of science and history. This rigid view could shake public confidence when scientists update their knowledge based on new evidence. The lesson from the history of science is to approach it with caution, avoiding complacency, as science constantly evolves.
For a constructive conversation, historians and scientists must overcome reservations. Historians fear that engaging with scientists might compromise their independence, while scientists worry that non-triumphalist history is hostile to science. These concerns are exaggerated and counterproductive. Scholars from both fields should unite against political forces discrediting research-based expertise, recognizing the shared importance of their work.
Legal Reasoning
In the realm of debtor-creditor relationships, the application of payments plays a crucial role in determining how payments made by a debtor are allocated towards their outstanding debts. This allocation is governed by principles outlined in Sections 59, 60, and 61 of the Indian Contract Act, which provide clarity on how payments should be applied in various scenarios. Section 59 addresses situations where the debtor specifies or implies the particular debt to which a payment should be applied. In such cases, the creditor is bound to apply the payment in accordance with the debtor’s instructions. This provision serves to uphold the principle of debtor autonomy and ensures that payments are directed towards the debts that the debtor considers most pressing or important.
However, Section 60 comes into play when the debtor fails to specify or imply which debt the payment should be applied to, leaving the decision to the creditor’s discretion. In such instances, the creditor has the authority to allocate the payment to any lawful debt actually due and payable to them from the debtor. This provision grants flexibility to the creditor to manage their outstanding debts in a manner that best suits their interests, provided that the allocation is made towards a debt that is legally enforceable. This flexibility becomes particularly relevant when the debtor has multiple outstanding debts with the creditor, and there is no clear indication as to which debt the payment should be applied.
Furthermore, Section 61 addresses scenarios where neither the debtor nor the creditor makes any appropriation regarding the allocation of the payment. In such cases, the payment is applied in discharge of the debts in order of time, regardless of whether they are barred by the law concerning the limitation of suits. This provision ensures fairness and consistency in the allocation of payments, as it establishes a default mechanism for prioritizing the settlement of debts based on their chronological order. Additionally, if the debts are of equal standing, the payment is distributed proportionally among them, further enhancing the equitable treatment of the debtor’s obligations.
One of the underlying purposes behind these provisions is to prevent the loans barred by limitation from being overlooked or unfairly disadvantaged. It is essential to recognize that while limitation may bar the remedy for recovery through court proceedings, it does not extinguish the underlying right to recover the debt. Therefore, by establishing clear rules for the application of payments, the law ensures that debts barred by limitation are still given due consideration and are not unfairly disregarded in the debt settlement process. This safeguards the interests of both debtors and creditors by promoting transparency, consistency, and fairness in the management of outstanding debts.
In essence, the application of payments provisions outlined in the Indian Contract Act serve to strike a balance between the interests of debtors and creditors while promoting efficiency and fairness in debt management. By providing clear guidelines for the allocation of payments in various scenarios, these provisions help prevent disputes and ensure that debts are settled in a manner that is legally sound and equitable for all parties involved. Moreover, by acknowledging the distinction between the right to recover a debt and the remedy for its enforcement, the law ensures that debts barred by limitation are still given appropriate consideration in the debt settlement process, thereby upholding the integrity of contractual obligations and preserving the rights of both debtors and creditors.
Logical Reasoning
External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, in a recent address to the prominent Indian community, emphasized the significant improvement in relations between India and the US. He confidently stated that the ties between the two nations will continue to grow stronger, remarking, “It is ‘hard to put a limit’ on India’s ties with the United States and ‘you ain’t seen anything yet’.”
During his speech at the ‘Colors of India’ event in Washington DC, Jaishankar drew a parallel between the US-India partnership and India’s lunar exploration mission, Chandrayaan. He suggested that the partnership between the two countries has the potential to reach unprecedented heights, possibly even surpassing the achievements of the lunar mission. This analogy underscores the limitless possibilities and the vast potential of the collaboration between the two nations.
A significant highlight of Jaishankar’s address was his emphasis on the evolving nature of the relationship between India and the US. He pointed out the shift from merely “dealing with each other” in the past to actively “working together” in the present. This transformation signifies a more collaborative and synergistic approach, where both nations are not just interacting out of necessity but are genuinely partnering to achieve common goals and address global challenges.
Furthermore, Jaishankar underscored the “natural and comfortable partnership” that exists between India and the US in the current global landscape. This partnership is rooted in shared values, mutual interests, and a common vision for the future. As the world undergoes rapid changes, the bond between India and the US stands as a beacon of stability and cooperation, promising to play a pivotal role in shaping the global order.
In conclusion, Jaishankar’s remarks reflect the optimism and confidence that both India and the US hold regarding their bilateral relations. The emphasis on collaboration, mutual growth, and shared aspirations suggests that the partnership between the two nations is poised to reach new milestones in the coming years, benefiting not just the two countries but also contributing positively to global peace, stability, and development.
Quantitative Techniques
Directions: Answer the questions based on the information given below.
The following data contains the information regarding the number of people who like either tea or coffee or both or none in the city.
1. Number of people in the city is 1160, and ratio of number of males to females is 14:15, respectively. 20% of total number of females does not like any of these two (tea and coffee).
2. Ratio of number of females who like only tea to number of females who like only coffee is 7:5, respectively while number of males who like only coffee is 10 more than number of females who like only coffee.
3. Number of males who like both tea and coffee are 50% of number of males who like only coffee, and 180 less than number of males who like only tea. 4. Number of females who like both tea and coffee is same as number of female who does not like any of these two.
General Knowledge
Scientists have just uncovered something gigantic about the geology of Earth. A massive reserve of water sitting some 700 kilometers under the crust of Earth was recently found. This equals three times more water than what exists on the surface of the planet, spread across the entire body. This invention came from the collective discoveries of researchers at Northwestern University, who employ state-of-the-art seismic analysis techniques to gain a better insight into Earth’s mantle. The team used data collected by more than 2,000 seismographs, where seismic waves generated from more than 500 earthquakes have been analyzed. They detected a remarkable decrease in the speed of seismic waves within certain depths and the phenomenon is indicative of the presence of water within the Earth’s interior. This forms the basis for a new view on the internal dynamics of our planet and geological processes.
All of this resonates with a fundamental blue mineral called ringwoodite, which is critical in forming the water storage system. Ringwoodite has a unique characteristic that enables it to absorb water within its crystal lattice, which in effect helps it store tremendous quantities of water in solid, compact form. This geologic significance of the mineral is not only a revelation but also such an indication that for millions of years, water might have had a close relationship with the Earth’s mantle, thus giving a different outlook in previous assumptions about the sources of the Earth’s oceans.
This finding has very important implications, above all regarding the Earth’s water cycle. It underlines the hypothesis that a large part of the Earth’s water originates from deep within Earth rather than only from comets and asteroids. Such a redefinition of sources of water implies that the deep reservoir is critical in the long-term stabilization of surface oceans; it impacts climate patterns and geological events across great time scales. The research group is looking forward to further studies by acquiring seismic data from all over the Earth. This would help to determine whether the presence of water in the mantle is a phenomenon that occurs throughout the planet. Further studies will be a stepping stone to increase our knowledge about Earth’s water cycle and its complex relationship between the interior and the surface. This extraordinary discovery has, in the long run, recast our geological history, opens up for scientists to look deeper into the Earth’s hidden world of the interior, and saliently conveys that there is a better need for more unveiling research on the geological processes on Earth. Explorations on the planet, therefore, might unveil even more of its geological changes and serve as a great chemistry in understanding the trends happening on Earth’s surface and subsurface environments.