Instructions: –
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage. Please answer each question based on what is stated or implied in the corresponding passage. In some instances, more than one option may be the answer to the question; in such a case, please choose the option that most accurately and comprehensively answers the question.
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Quantitative Techniques
On Friday, 1500 people visited an ice cream parlor, out of which certain numbers of people like one or more than one ice cream out of the three types of ice creams: Vanilla, Chocolate and Strawberry while rest people didn’t like any of the three ice creams. Number of people who like only Vanilla, only Chocolate and only Strawberry are in the ratio 14:11:13, respectively. Numbers of people who like only Vanilla are seven times the number of people who like all the three types of ice creams. Numbers of people who like both Vanilla and Chocolate ice creams but not Strawberry are 50% more than the number of people who like all the three types of ice creams. Number of people who like both Strawberry and Vanilla ice creams is 165 less than the number of people who like only Chocolate ice cream. Number of people who like both Strawberry and Chocolate ice creams, but not Vanilla ice cream are five more than the number of people who like both Strawberry and Vanilla ice creams, but not Chocolate ice cream. Numbers of people who didn’t like any of the three ice creams are 50% more than the number of people who like exactly two types of ice creams.
Logical Reasoning
The all-too-familiar triad of historical periodisation — ancient, mediaeval, modern — now universal, has rather specific provincial and temporal origins. All societies evolved their own modes of dividing their history into periods: dynastic and regnal was the ones prevalent in India, Iran, and the Turko-Mongol regions, besides Europe. The creation of eras, such as Vikrami, Shaka, and Ilahi or the era of piety in Islam coinciding with the Prophet and the first four caliphs and the steady decline afterwards were among many other modes.
The triad took birth in Europe around the 16th and 17th centuries, first in the history of theology and steadily in society’s history, finding its largely evolved form in 1688 at the hands of Cellarius, a German. This was the era when over the past few centuries, Europe had been creating its new self-image of rationality, science and progress, in short, modernity; to reinforce it, the inverse image of its immediate past, the mediaeval, was also created as one of irrationality, regression, and superstition which were constituted as the synonym of religion/religiosity — in short, the “Dark Age” from which Europe was progressing into Enlightenment.
With the expansion of Europe to the rest of the world during the 18th-20th centuries, besides its trade, arms and politics, its intellectual concepts also found entry into what were becoming its colonies. The indigenous notions of historical time and space were replaced by the European triad through what Jack Goody calls “The Theft of History” in an unequal power relationship. Thus, the Dark Age of Europe was transferred to the rest of the world from which Europe must rescue it by bringing to it Enlightenment through colonialism. A very “rational” legitimation of colonialism. The triad first came to India with a further distortion; whereas in Europe, its premise was the retreat of backwardness in the face of progress, James Mill introduced it as the Hindu, the Muslim and the British periods underlining the legitimation of modern British rule which would rescue India from the dark age of mediaeval Muslim rule.
Periodisation is riven with problems. Being a human construct, rather than a ground reality, it is, by its nature, transient. Some signs of its transience have already appeared with several qualifications getting attached to it: Late Antiquity, Early Medieval, Late Medieval, and Early Modern. What shape the transience is going to take in the near or distant future is hard to predict. One wonders if our modern period will still be considered modern in the 22nd or the 23rd century. For sure, there is great regional variance in the application of the triad in the regions around the world with China taking its “mediaeval” into several centuries BCE and some such as India drawing the 18th century CE into it. Indeed, some powerful voices such as Jacques Le Goff’s have questioned the very notion of dividing history into tranches.
Legal Reasoning
Once the express terms have been identified, there is the question of interpretation. The document setting out the parties’ agreement must be interpreted objectively: it is not a question of what one party actually intended or what the other party actually understood to have been intended but of what a reasonable person in the position of the parties would have understood the words to mean. The starting point for ascertaining the objective meaning is the words used by the parties. These are interpreted according to their meaning in conventional usage, unless there is something in the background showing that some other meaning would have been conveyed to the reasonable person. Thus, the terms of the contract must be read against the “factual matrix”; that is, the body of facts reasonably available to both parties when they entered the contract.
The “parole evidence” rule provides that evidence cannot be admitted to add to, vary or contradict a written document. Therefore, where a contract has been put in writing, there is a presumption that the writing was intended to include all the terms of the contract, and neither party can rely on extrinsic evidence of terms alleged to have been agreed which are not contained in the document. This presumption is rebuttable, and extrinsic evidence is admissible, if the written document was not intended to set out all the terms on which the parties had agreed. The parol evidence rule prevents a party from relying on extrinsic evidence only about the contents of a contract (and only express terms), and not about its validity (such as the presence or absence of consideration or contractual intention, or where a contract is invalid for a reason such as incapacity).
Current Affairs & General Knowledge
On November 13, 2024, Arvinder Singh Sahney assumed the role of Chairman of Indian Oil Corporation, succeeding S.M. Vaidya, after a short stint by V. Satish Kumar. Sahney has over three decades of experience in the oil and petrochemical industries and brings a remarkable blend of operational expertise and strategic vision to lead India’s largest energy conglomerate. A chemical engineer by training, Sahney has spent considerable time over five out of nine refineries of Indian Oil corporation. In this stint, he has been instrumental in commissioning and optimizing crucial units in refineries. Sahney’s contributions have been pivotal in furthering Indian Oil’s technical capabilities, exemplified by his instrumental role in forming the 15 Million Metric Tonnes Per Annum Paradip refinery, a landmark facility that has reinforced India’s energy infrastructure.
Before taking the position of Chairman, Sahney had been heading the petrochemical vertical of Indian Oil-one of the most strategic divisions of the company, which was doing significant work in diversifying the company. During this tenure, conceptualization and development of Paradip petrochemical complex, one of the biggest of its kind in India, gained significant momentum. This humongous project was conceived to service the growing demand at home as well as abroad for petrochemical products, and shows the visionary approach of himself and his ability to deliver huge, value-based projects of this order. His stint in petrochemical division points to innovative prowess with a focus on furthering India’s self-reliance in this vital area .
Domestic success apart, Sahney has had a global vision-a requirement to guide a corporation of Indian Oil’s scale. Serving as a Director in IndOil Montney, Canada further contributed to enhance Indian Oil’s global footprint. He has, thus, acquired valuable experience with regard to global markets in the energy space. Domestically, his position at Terra Clean Company, as Chairman of a subsidiary engaged with green energy solutions, aligns well with Indian Oil’s long-term vision, which would ultimately hinge on becoming a green unit. Sahney initiatives towards the sustainability effort, such as carbon management and connecting renewable energy, are congruent with global trends in green energy.
He is going to see Indian Oil take up myriad challenges and opportunities in the very fluid energy landscape it is working within. Ideas of sustainability, growth, and alignment with global energy transition goals will characterize his tenure. Indian Oil, under him, is positioned to enhance its role as a dominant player in the global energy arena-marked to adapt to emerging trends while contributing to India’s energy security.