Instructions: –
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
Literature, like a living organism, evolves with time, responding to the ever-changing dynamics of society, culture, and individual experiences. Contemporary literature, representing the current era’s voices, carries the essence of our times and mirrors the diverse narratives that shape our world.
In the realm of contemporary literature, authors grapple with multifaceted themes that resonate with the complexities of today’s society. These narratives often explore issues such as identity, diversity, social justice, and the impact of technology on human connections. The genre spans various forms, from novels and short stories to poetry and non-fiction, offering readers a rich tapestry of perspectives.
One notable aspect of contemporary literature is its emphasis on inclusivity. Authors strive to represent a spectrum of voices, ensuring that stories from different backgrounds, ethnicities, genders, and socioeconomic statuses are heard. This inclusivity not only enriches the literary landscape but also fosters empathy and understanding among readers.
A significant theme in contemporary literature is the exploration of individual and collective identities. Authors delve into the complexities of personal journeys, grappling with questions of belonging, self-discovery, and the intersectionality of identities. These narratives often challenge societal norms, fostering a deeper understanding of the diverse human experience.
Moreover, technology’s omnipresence in modern life is a recurring motif in contemporary literature. Writers examine the impact of digital advancements on communication, relationships, and even the concept of reality itself. The exploration of virtual spaces, social media, and artificial intelligence reflects the rapid changes and challenges posed by the digital age.
Contemporary literature also engages with pressing social issues, serving as a vehicle for activism and advocacy. Authors tackle topics such as climate change, inequality, mental health, and systemic injustices, encouraging readers to reflect on the world’s pressing problems and envision positive change.
Legal Reasoning
In contract law, the mode of acceptance is a critical aspect that can influence the formation and enforceability of a contract. The acceptance of an offer must generally comply with the stipulated mode of acceptance specified by the offeror. However, non-compliance with the stipulated mode does not necessarily invalidate the acceptance if the intent behind the stipulation is not compromised. For instance, if the acceptance reaches the offeror on time, despite not following the specified mode, the acceptance may still be valid.
When the stipulated mode of acceptance is adhered to, the contract becomes binding the moment the acceptance is put into the course of transmission. This means that if the offer specifies acceptance via mail, the contract is formed once the acceptance letter is mailed, not when it is received. Conversely, if the stipulated mode is not followed, the acceptance becomes binding only when it actually reaches the offeror.
In cases involving instantaneous modes of acceptance, such as telephone calls or emails, the timing of when the acceptance becomes binding is slightly different. Here, the contract is considered binding when the acceptance comes to the knowledge of the offeror. This ensures that both parties are aware of the acceptance simultaneously, maintaining clarity and mutual understanding in the contract formation process.
In summary, while compliance with the stipulated mode of acceptance is generally required, non-compliance does not automatically negate the acceptance as long as the fundamental intent and timing are preserved. For stipulated modes, the contract is binding upon transmission, while for non-stipulated modes, it is binding upon receipt. Instantaneous acceptances become effective once communicated to and understood by the offeror, ensuring a clear and immediate mutual agreement.
Logical Reasoning
As the UK government convenes an artificial intelligence summit, it has drawn criticism for what some see as a mere public relations exercise rather than a forum for genuine discourse on the ethical implications of AI. The event, which boasts of high-profile attendees, including the AI ethics researcher Timnit Gebru, is part of the government’s broader strategy to position the UK as a global leader in ethical AI. However, the summit’s format, which lacks a public live stream or questions from the press, has raised concerns among experts who argue that it sidelines open debate on critical issues surrounding AI.
The summit’s agenda, which includes discussions on the role of AI in society and the economy, is indeed timely. AI’s rapid development and integration into various sectors necessitate a thorough examination of its ethical dimensions. Yet, the summit’s closed nature prompts skepticism about the government’s commitment to transparency and inclusivity in shaping AI policies. Critics argue that without a public record of the proceedings or the opportunity for scrutiny from the press and wider community, the event misses the mark on fostering a democratic conversation about AI’s future.
The government’s approach to the summit reflects a broader pattern of behavior that prioritizes image over substance. This is evident in the way the UK has handled other significant tech issues, such as the controversy surrounding the NHS COVID-19 data deal with Palantir. Despite the government’s assurances of prioritizing ethical standards, its actions often fall short of these promises, leading to a trust deficit.
Moreover, the summit’s exclusive guest list and the absence of a public live stream are indicative of a controlled environment that limits the potential for challenging discussions. This is at odds with the principles of open debate and transparency that are essential for addressing the complex ethical considerations AI presents. By restricting access and controlling the narrative, the government undermines the very ethos of ethical AI it seeks to champion.
In conclusion, while the UK government’s AI summit is a step in acknowledging the importance of ethical AI, its execution leaves much to be desired. The lack of openness and public engagement raises questions about the government’s dedication to truly ethical AI development. For AI to benefit society as a whole, it is imperative that discussions about its use are inclusive and transparent, allowing for a diverse range of voices to be heard and considered. Only through genuine, open debate can we ensure that AI is developed and governed in a way that is truly ethical and in the best interest of all.
Quantitative Techniques
Directions:Â Study the data carefully and answer the following questions:
Pankaj and Qamar invested Rs P and Rs Q in two different schemes respectively. The scheme in which Pankaj invested provides R% per annum simple interest and the scheme in which Qamar invested provides 20% per annum compound interest. Pankaj received total interest of Rs 4080 in 5 years and Qamar received a total interest of Rs 2310 in 2 years. Ranjit invested Rs (2P + Q – 3850) in a scheme that provides simple interest at the rate of 15% per annum such that his amount became Rs 21750 in 3 years. Samir invested Rs S at the rate of T% per annum compound interest such that the amount became Rs 5808 in 2 years and Rs 6388.8 in 3 years. Tarun took Rs (P – Q + S + 50)and invested it in a scheme that provides (R – 2)% per annum simple interest such that he earned an interest of Rs. 5120.
General Knowledge
Legal history in India is one with a rich tapestry of cultures and complex society. As far as the law was concerned, its origin followed the advent of ancient texts such as the Manusmriti written around 200 BCE to 200 CE. It was in this book that the foundational Hindu law and social code were laid. He believed that people should follow the principles of dharma, which can be said to be moral law, defining the rights and duties. The Manusmriti had further sub-divided the laws into two groups: varna, or social class, and ashrama, or stage of life. This division remained strong throughout the centuries and continued to influence the legal system.
Indian jurisprudence came under Islamic law when the Mughal Empire emerged in the 16th century. The Mughals introduced the term “sharia” and the “darbar” system, whereby the emperor served as the supreme judicial power. During this time, codification took place in criminal justice and land revenue, bringing together Hindu and Islamic influences. Notable figures like Emperor Akbar encouraged syncretic legal structures and instilled religious tolerance as they established courts welcoming multireligious populations.
The British colonial period was a significant watershed in the Indian law calendar. The British legal principles started invading India with the establishment of the rule of the East India Company in the 18th century. It was during this time that the formal judicial system came into existence due to the Regulating Act of 1773 and subsequent laws. The formation of the Supreme Court in Calcutta in 1774 marked the effective dawn of modern law in India. The British further codified laws through the Indian Penal Code in 1860 and the Civil Procedure Code in 1908, both of which remain indispensable for India today. The mass struggle for freedom, feeding on this drive for justice in its own endeavor, not only created expectations of what Indian reformation should be but also nurtured an ethos of legal equity and social redress by such leaders as Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Constituent Assembly-A body established in 1946 to prepare the Indian Constitution; the Indian Constitution was implemented on January 26, 1950. The very constitution vested fundamental rights, equality before law, and the principle of justice in the premises of democracy.
Post-independence, India saw significant developments in its law-related field: enactment of various laws on social issues, like the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989. The independence of the judiciary has played a prime role in the enunciation of constitutional rights, interpretation of laws, and expansion of the scope of justice with landmark judgments. The journey of the legal history of India has been one of constant flux and has been made under the influences of social, political, and cultural compulsions reflecting the country’s quest for justice and equality.