Instructions: –
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
History, and not necessarily the sort that professional historians are doing, is widely popular these days, even in North America, where we have tended to look toward the future rather than the past. It can be partly explained by market forces. People are better educated and, particularly in the mature economies, have more leisure time and are retiring from work earlier. Not everyone wants to retire to a compound in the sun and ride adult tricycles for amusement. History can be helpful in making sense of the world we live in. It can also be fascinating, even fun. How can even the best novelist or playwright invent someone like Augustus Caesar or Catherine the Great, Galileo or Florence Nightingale? How can screenwriters create better action stories or human dramas than exist, thousand upon thousand, throughout the many centuries of recorded history? There is a thirst out there both for knowledge and to be entertained, and the market has responded with enthusiasm.
Museums and art galleries mount huge shows around historical characters like Peter the Great or on specific periods in history. Around the world, new museums open every year to commemorate moments, often grim ones, from the past. China has museums devoted to Japanese atrocities committed during World War II. Washington, Jerusalem, and Montreal have Holocaust museums. Television has channels devoted entirely to history (often, it must be said, showing a past that seems to be made up largely of battles and the biographies of generals); historic sites are wilting under the tramp of tourists; history movies–think of all the recent ones on Queen Elizabeth I alone–are making money; and the proliferation of popular histories shows that publishers have a good idea of where profits are to be made. Ken Burns’s documentaries, from the classic Civil War series to his one on World War II, are aired repeatedly. In Canada, Mark Starowicz’s People’s History drew millions of viewers. The Historica Minutes produced by the private foundation Historica, devoted to promoting Canadian history, are so popular among Canadian teenagers that they often do school projects where they make their own minutes. In the United Kingdom, David Starkey’s series on British monarchs have made him rich and as famous as the kings and queens themselves.
Legal Reasoning
The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 is the primary legislation governing partnerships in India. It defines a partnership as the relation between persons who have agreed to share profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. Here are some key provisions of the act:
1. Formation of Partnership: According to the act, a partnership may be formed by an agreement, either written or oral, between two or more persons. However, a partnership agreement that involves immovable property must be in writing.
2. Partnership Deed: It is common practice for partners to create a partnership deed that outlines the terms and conditions of the partnership. The deed typically includes details such as the name of the firm, the nature of the business, capital contributions, profit sharing ratio, rights, and responsibilities of partners, etc.
3. Rights and Duties of Partners: The act defines the rights and duties of partners in a partnership. Partners are co-owners of the firm and share profits and losses according to the agreed-upon ratio. Each partner is entitled to take part in the management of the business, unless otherwise agreed. Partners are also required to act in good faith and be just and faithful to each other.
4. Registration of Partnership: Although registration of a partnership is not mandatory under the act, it is advisable to register a partnership firm. Registration provides legal recognition to the partnership and offers certain benefits, such as the ability to file a lawsuit in court against the firm or other partners.
5. Liability of Partners: Partners in a partnership are jointly and severally liable for the debts and obligations of the firm. This means that each partner is individually responsible for the entire debt of the partnership if the other partners are unable to pay. However, limited liability partnerships (LLPs) are a separate legal structure that provides limited liability to partners, subject to certain conditions.
6. Dissolution of Partnership: The act provides for the dissolution of a partnership firm. A partnership can be dissolved by mutual consent, expiry of the partnership term, completion of the partnership’s objectives, death or insolvency of a partner, or by an order of the court. Upon dissolution, the partners must settle the firm’s liabilities, distribute the remaining assets, and conclude the partnership’s affairs.
Also learn:Â CLAT Previous Year Question Papers
Logical Reasoning
India’s Deep Ocean Mission (DOM), a pioneering initiative approved by the Union Cabinet in 2021, represents a significant stride in oceanic exploration and utilization. With a budget of nearly Rs 4,077 crore over five years, the mission encompasses six key areas: development of deep-sea mining technologies and a manned submersible, ocean climate change advisory services, deep-sea biodiversity conservation, deep-ocean survey and exploration, energy and freshwater harnessing from the ocean, and establishing an advanced Marine Station for Ocean Biology.
The mission’s first pillar, spearheaded by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), focuses on developing indigenous technologies for deep-sea mining and a crewed submersible. The flagship project under this pillar is ‘Samudrayaan’, aiming to reach a depth of 6,000 meters in the central Indian Ocean with Matsya6000, a deep-ocean submersible designed to accommodate three crew members. Matsya6000, equipped with scientific sensors and tools, has an operational endurance of 12 hours, extendable to 96 hours in emergencies. The submersible’s design has been completed, and initial testing at 500 meters is planned, with full depth capability expected within two to three years.
The mission also involves an integrated system for mining polymetallic nodules from the ocean bed, including valuable minerals like copper, manganese, nickel, and cobalt. NIOT has conducted successful deep-sea locomotion trials using the underwater mining system ‘Varaha’ at a depth of 5,270 meters.
The choice of a 6,000-meter depth is strategic, aligning with India’s commitment to sustainable resource extraction. The allocated region in the central Indian Ocean contains polymetallic nodules and sulphides at depths of 3,000 to 5,500 meters. The mission’s challenges are manifold, including high-pressure conditions, soft and muddy ocean bed, power requirements for material extraction, and limited visibility.
Matsya6000, a titanium alloy-constructed submersible, is designed to withstand pressures of up to 6,000 bar. It features propellers for movement in all directions, three viewports, 12 cameras, 16 lights, and state-of-the-art navigation and positioning systems. This submersible places India on the global front of deep-ocean exploration, alongside countries like the U.S.A., Russia, China, France, and Japan.
The deep-ocean mining vehicle ‘Varaha’ operates using a flexible riser technique, allowing it to move around the ocean bed while the surface ship moves in tandem. It uses a high-power pressure pump system for extracting polymetallic nodules, which are then pumped to the surface ship.
India’s DOM, through its collaborative efforts involving various national institutes and academia, reflects the nation’s scientific zeal and commitment to advancing oceanic exploration and utilization. By 2025, significant progress is expected, marking India’s foray into a new era of deep-sea exploration and mining.
Quantitative Techniques
Mehta electronics deals in Air conditioners (ACs) of only three companies namely Samsung, LG and Lloyd. Each AC is of one of two types namely split and window. In January, total number of ACs sold by Mehta electronics was 198. The following information is also known about the number of ACs of different companies sold:
For Samsung:Â Number of windows ACs sold in February was 20% more than that in January. However, number of split ACs sold in February was 25% less than that in January.
For LG:Â Number of ACs sold in January was 1 more than that in February, even though number of windows ACs sold in February was 8 more than that in January.
For Lloyd:Â Number of windows ACs to number of split ACs, sold in January were in the ratio 7:8 and this ratio changed to 7:5, in February. Total number of ACs sold in February was 36 more than that in January.
Also,
- Out of total number of windows ACs sold in February, ratio of number of Samsung, LG and Lloyd, window ACs, sold in February was 9:8:14, respectively.
- In January, number of Lloyd ACs sold was equal to number of LG ACs sold. Number of Samsung ACs sold in January was 78.
General Knowledge
In 2024, India ranked 105th in the GHI, which is a disturbing position for a country that has the world’s second-largest population. The Global Hunger Index is an annual report that analyses hunger and undernutrition across countries using four critical indicators: undernourishment, child wasting (low weight for height), child stunting (low height for age), and child mortality. This all-inclusive indicator has been designed by Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe. It depicts the level of hunger and malnutrition in most countries. GHI scale ranges from 0 to 100, whereby 0 is no hunger, while 100 is a symbol of most acute levels of hunger. With this, scores have been grouped into “low,” “moderate,” “serious,” “alarming,” or “extremely alarming.”.
India is starkly in the “serious” hunger category, which suggests lingering problems with food distribution, nutrition, and child health. Economic growth, and of its own technological achievements notwithstanding, child stunting was recorded at about 35 percent, and child wasting at nearly 19 percent-of which both are high contributions to India’s poor performance on the index. The country continues to lag behind with gradual improvement in nutrition-related problems, together with large regional disparities that do not allow an overall uptrend. Compare this with countries like Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh, where the neighboring nations have fared much better on this scale of ranking of food security programs, challenging India’s very own food security efforts. An important reason for India’s failure has been the ineffectiveness of its public distribution system, which is meant to supply food grains to poor households but is marred by widespread corruption, inefficiency, and leakage. While schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana-launched as a short-term relief measure for combating hunger during the pandemic are useful to reduce hunger in the near term, long-term nutritional security still seems an uphill battle. Agriculture, with almost 50% of India’s employment base, is also highly inefficient structurally in terms of storage, pricing, and farmer income levels. The inadequacies of these areas have direct implications on availability and food price affordability.
Global perspective: The GHI is a standing reminder that such inequities are increasing in global food security. Scores for developed countries are generally closer to 0, denoting limited hunger, while developing countries, particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, remain troubled with hunger levels. Politics and climate-related disaster-ridden countries also tend to be more prone to such tragedies. In this regard, the state of India shows patterns of general trends seen globally wherein unevenly developed patterns are dominant along with a pressing need for targeted policies to address hunger’s root causes.
While discussing India’s ranking at the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals summit and BRICS summit, which calls for increased political will to eliminate hunger by 2024, SDG 2 aims to completely eradicate “Zero Hunger” by 2030, ranking India at a point far ahead of where it is on its journey, still both the country’s demographics and, in particular, its economy face challenging aspects. Moreover, malnutrition has serious economic implications as it affects productivity, influences the brain development of children, and finally that of human capital.