Instructions: –
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
Humour unites people because laughter is contagious. Pope Francis, known for his insistence on god’s mercy, showed also a deep understanding of the function of humour in society at a meeting attended by comedians from around the world. It was startling, however, to hear the pope say that it was alright to laugh at god as long as the joke did not hurt the feelings of believers or the poor. There was no blasphemy in that. What he did not say, pedantically, is that laughter has many sources, but he did define humour as the kindest form of it. He saw humour as a source of laughter that does not offend or put others down, that does not ridicule others’ flaws. God would smile if people could make others smile: this was what comedians could do with their power among gloomy news. They could lighten the load of miseries and spread peace.
The head of the Catholic church provided an unexpected image of god who would not mind being laughed at with the kind of humour that allows people to laugh and joke with those they are close to. This closeness is familiar among ancient religions, where the foibles of various gods and goddesses are often funny or exasperating, where goddesses are perfectly willing to enter a beauty contest before a young prince prone to losing his head, or where frank favouritism for specific heroes among rival deities may prolong human wars. It is as natural for a goddess to be jealous of a woman’s sewing skills as it is for another to lose her heart to a beautiful youth. The acrobatics of amorous gods in their pursuit of pretty women would form a saga. In some religions, humour and a familiarity almost domestic are more a part of worship and love than fear or a tragic sensibility. Even mythological or epic heroes are fallible in spite of all the admiration they evoke. Affection for an elephant-headed god with a paunch who, stories say, loves to eat, for example, does not take away from the devotion with which he is worshipped for success in any enterprise.
It is this loving, humane worship that has suffered most in recent times. Humour has disappeared from cultural life with the victory of religion as repressive politics. The comfortable presence of kind deities who enjoy jokes about them and with them in the background of social existence even without ritualistic worship is fading away. Weapons are replacing the peaceful understanding of ancient stories, compassion and the free expression of feeling. In this larger context, Pope Francis’s allusion to gloom both in society and personal lives that humour could alleviate seems especially pertinent. Perhaps the pope’s interest in interreligious exchange lies at the basis of his awareness. Humour springs from an extreme sensitiveness to a sense of proportion. That is what cultures of fear and hatred try to destroy.
Legal Reasoning
In contract law, the principle of awarding damages for breach of contract aims to place the non-breaching party in a position as close as possible to that which they would have occupied had the contract been honored. This fundamental principle seeks to ensure that the aggrieved party receives compensation that adequately reflects their expected benefits from the contract.
To determine the appropriateness and extent of damages, two key tests are applied: the tests of remoteness and directness. The remoteness test requires that the loss incurred by the non-breaching party should not be too distant or disconnected from the breach. In essence, the damages sought must have a sufficiently close connection to the breach of contract to be considered legitimate. If the loss is deemed too remote, it falls outside the scope of recoverable damages.
In conjunction with the remoteness test is the directness test. This test stipulates that the loss must be a direct consequence of the breach and not the
result of any independent or intervening factors. The damages should flow naturally and directly from the breach itself. This ensures that the breaching party is held accountable only for losses that are a foreseeable and immediate result of their actions, rather than those caused by unrelated events or circumstances.
Additionally, the loss must be foreseeable. The non-breaching party should be able to infer the type of loss that could reasonably result from the breach at the time the contract was made. This foreseeability criterion ensures that parties are aware of the potential consequences of their actions and can make informed decisions when entering into contractual agreements.
Another critical aspect is that there must be an actual damage caused to the non-breaching party. To claim damages, the aggrieved party must demonstrate that they have suffered a quantifiable loss due to the breach. This loss can be in various forms, such as financial loss, loss of opportunity, or other measurable detriments that can be directly attributed to the breach of contract.
In summary, the principles governing damages in contract law are designed to ensure fair compensation for the non-breaching party, thereby reinforcing the integrity and reliability of contractual agreements. By adhering to the tests of remoteness and directness, the legal framework ensures that damages are awarded in a manner that is both just and predictable. The requirement of foreseeability further underpins this approach, ensuring that parties are only held liable for losses that were reasonably anticipated at the time of contract formation. Ultimately, these principles collectively strive to restore the non-breaching party to the position they would have enjoyed had the contract been fulfilled, thereby upholding the equitable nature of contractual relationships.
Logical Reasoning
The human mind is very strange. Mind enables people to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think and reason, to perceive, to judge and to feel. It is the faculty of consciousness and thought. Human being is controlled by its own mind. Hence taking care of one’s mental health is a priority.
Mental health is an essential and important component of a person’s total health status. It includes emotional, psychological, and social well-being of an individual. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines mental health as “a state of well being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community”. Human life is full of stress and strain and individual needs vary from person to person. Thus it is important to follow principles to keep the mental health intact.
Children need special care for their holistic development as they are the assets of the nation. They are vulnerable to problems relating to physical, mental and social health. Although physical health problems can be observed from outside, mental health problems may not be noticed unless one is aware of the signs which indicate the need for professional help.
Parents and family members need to be aware of any change in behavior of their children. A child’s socialization process takes place through the influence of the family, neighborhood and community. According to Karl Meninger- “What is done to children, they will do to the society.”
Parents need to practice self-control and self discipline so as to expect the same from their children. Children follow the adults. They learn by observing the behaviors of their parents and other family members. A child’s health depends upon family’s health, lifestyle, culture, customs, traditions, taboos, rituals, religious practices, habits, child bearing and child rearing practices, social relationships, socio-economic conditions, environmental conditions, etc. A child can learn different life skills and gather knowledge in a healthy environment which is beneficial for normal development.”
Quantitative Techniques
Mehta electronics deals in Air conditioners (ACs) of only three companies namely Samsung, LG and Lloyd. Each AC is of one of two types namely split and window. In January, total number of ACs sold by Mehta electronics was 198. The following information is also known about the number of ACs of different companies sold:
For Samsung: Number of windows ACs sold in February was 20% more than that in January. However, number of split ACs sold in February was 25% less than that in January.
For LG: Number of ACs sold in January was 1 more than that in February, even though number of windows ACs sold in February was 8 more than that in January.
For Lloyd: Number of windows ACs to number of split ACs, sold in January were in the ratio 7:8 and this ratio changed to 7:5, in February. Total number of ACs sold in February was 36 more than that in January.
Also,
Out of total number of windows ACs sold in February, ratio of number of Samsung, LG and Lloyd, window ACs, sold in February was 9:8:14, respectively.
In January, number of Lloyd ACs sold was equal to number of LG ACs sold. Number of Samsung ACs sold in January was 78.
Also learn: CLAT Previous Year Question Papers
General Knowledge
Scotland’s selection to host the 2026 Commonwealth Games, following the withdrawal of Victoria, Australia, due to rising costs, marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of international sporting events. Glasgow, which previously hosted the Games in 2014, will again serve as the stage for this global athletic showcase, albeit on a smaller scale, reflecting a strategic shift towards sustainability and community engagement in event planning. The decision to hold the Games in Glasgow underscores the city’s established reputation for hosting large-scale sporting events. The 2014 Commonwealth Games were lauded for their exceptional organization and legacy initiatives, which included significant investments in local infrastructure and community sports programs. These initiatives not only enhanced the sporting landscape but also aimed to promote health and well-being across diverse demographics. The 2026 Games are set to build upon this legacy, emphasizing the importance of inclusivity and long-term impact over mere spectacle.
In terms of scale, the 2026 Games will adopt a more prudent approach, aimed at reducing financial burdens while maximizing athlete and spectator experience. This decision aligns with a broader trend among host cities seeking to balance the benefits of hosting with the realities of economic constraints. By focusing on existing venues and community engagement, Glasgow aims to minimize infrastructure costs and promote a more sustainable model of event management. This approach reflects lessons learned from previous editions, where the financial strain often overshadowed the anticipated benefits. Moreover, hosting the Commonwealth Games presents Scotland with a unique opportunity to enhance its international profile. The Games will serve as a platform to showcase Scotland’s rich cultural heritage and sporting prowess to a global audience, fostering connections with Commonwealth nations. This aspect of cultural diplomacy is increasingly important in a world where international cooperation and soft power are vital.
Furthermore, the commitment to inclusivity is paramount, particularly as the Commonwealth Games Federation emphasizes diversity in participation. Programs aimed at increasing engagement among women, youth, and individuals with disabilities are essential components of the 2026 Games, ensuring that the event resonates with a wide array of communities and strengthens the social fabric of Glasgow. Scotland’s preparation for the 2026 Commonwealth Games also aligns with the nation’s broader economic and environmental goals. The Scottish Government has pledged significant financial support, including an investment package designed to enhance infrastructure, transport, and community facilities. For instance, Glasgow is expected to improve its transport links, with upgrades to both public transit and road networks aimed at facilitating smoother access to venues. Additionally, the Games will promote sustainable practices, such as the use of renewable energy sources in event operations, aligning with Scotland’s ambitious target to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2045. This commitment to sustainability is further exemplified by initiatives like the “Green Games” framework, which seeks to minimize waste, enhance recycling efforts, and promote eco-friendly practices among participants and spectators.