iQuanta has launched a Mini Mock Series covering all the sections of the CLAT exam, these questions have been handpicked by our faculty based on the latest CLAT exam pattern.
Instructions:-
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage. Please answer each question based on what is stated or implied in the corresponding passage. In some instances, more than one option may be the answer to the question; in such a case, please choose the option that most accurately and comprehensively answers the question.
On the end-of-year lists, Ozempic keeps taking top honours for achievements in science. But in our new golden age of medicine, one of the most eye-opening breakthroughs has been in the less glamorous corners of public health.
In late October a large-scale pilot rollout of the malaria vaccine RTS,S in parts of Africa by the World Health Organization was shown to have reduced child mortality by 13 per cent over four years, Science reported. It was so astonishing that mortality reduction in one disease could reshape the prospects of all childhood deaths that the epidemiologist who led the program said she expected gasps in the audience when the news was announced.
The results made RTS,S sound like a miracle drug. But it also looked — immediately — like a missed opportunity. The key breakthrough was made more than three decades ago, and the safety and efficacy of the vaccine were shown in clinical trials that began as far back as 1998, though a few questions about side effects lingered. The W.H.O. did not recommend the use of RTS,S until October 2021. Since then, fewer than two million children have been vaccinated, and only 18 million doses (enough for just 4.5 million children) are expected to be available through 2025. More than 18 million people, most of them young children, have died of malaria in the quarter-century since the vaccine’s 1998 trials.
In the meantime, a new vaccine has come along, perhaps even more impressive. Called R21, it has been shown to reduce symptomatic cases of malaria by 75 per cent in the 12 months following completion of a three-dose series. But the rollout of the new vaccine has been slow, stymied in part, The Financial Times has reported, by a lack of urgency by the W.H.O., which finally added it to a list of prequalified vaccines in December.
One hundred and twenty million doses of R21, enough to save the lives of more than 200,000 young children, could be delivered throughout 2024, according to the public health advocacy group 1Day Africa. But even with prequalification, many fewer doses than that are expected to be delivered right away. In a December status report, 1Day suggested that tens of millions of doses may go unused this year.
These vaccines aren’t perfect, and even a global rollout will not eradicate malaria — a 2015 clinical trial of RTS,S reported a vaccine efficacy of 36.3 per cent for clinical disease, although R21 looks more promising. But with diseases of this scale, even limited effectiveness can save huge numbers of lives. More than 600,000 people die of malaria every year; more than half of them are children under the age of 5.
Quantitative Techniques
Logical Reasoning
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
Humans have an inherent desire to understand the world and themselves, leading to a quest for meaning in everything. This quest often propels individuals towards spirituality, a realm where one recognizes a force greater than sensory experiences, something divine or cosmic. Spirituality explores universal themes such as love, compassion, altruism, the afterlife, wisdom, and truth. It acknowledges the profound insights attained by individuals like saints or scholars and can be explored through diverse mediums like nature, music, chants, mantras, or religious beliefs, forging a deep connection to eternal principles.
Throughout history, practices like meditation and penance have been revered as avenues to enlightenment, with religious teachings providing guidance on spiritual awakening. This awakening is a journey towards a deeper understanding of one’s spirituality and connection to a larger existence. It can manifest gradually or abruptly, and while there is no one-size-fits-all approach, there are common signs that signify a spiritual awakening.
The inclination towards spirituality is often influenced by a combination of psychological elements, personal relationships, and individual needs. Understanding the psychological factors that drive individuals towards spirituality provides insights into the motivations and benefits of adopting a spiritual outlook. Spirituality addresses several fundamental human needs. It offers a sense of purpose and meaning, especially during tumultuous times, and fosters a connection with a higher power or the world, serving as a lifeline in moments of solitude. It instills a sense of control and provides hope and strength to face challenging situations, offering solace and inner strength during adversities.
Spiritualism, characterized by its diverse and intricate belief system, is embraced by many across the globe for its myriad potential benefits, despite the criticisms related to beliefs in the afterlife and interactions with spirits. Embracing spiritualism can imbue life with enhanced meaning and purpose, reduce stress and anxiety, foster compassion and empathy, amplify creativity and intuition, and fortify a sense of hope for the future, contributing significantly to mental and physical well-being. The journey of spiritualism is a personal and transformative one, enriching the human experience in multifaceted ways.
Legal Reasoning
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
Coercion encompasses a spectrum of actions or threats that stand contrary to the established laws. It delineates a realm where the perpetration or the mere intimidation of actions forbidden by the IPC, a cornerstone of India’s legal infrastructure, emerges as a pivotal element. Moreover, coercion extends its grasp to encompass the unlawful detention or the menacing threat of detainment of property. These actions, perpetrated with the intent to prejudice any individual, aim to compel them into a contractual agreement against their volition. The essence of coercion lies not merely in the manifestation of force but in its capacity to erode the foundational principle of free consent. It is the presence of a genuine and imminent threat that renders the contract vulnerable to nullification under legal scrutiny. This principle, deeply rooted in the fabric of legal jurisprudence, underscores the indispensable nature of consent in the formation of agreements. A contract bereft of free consent, coerced into existence through duress or intimidation, stands as a violation of fundamental legal ethics and societal norms. Therefore, the doctrine of coercion serves as a bulwark against the encroachment of individual autonomy and upholds the sanctity of voluntary agreements within the realm of contractual obligations.
At its core, coercion embodies a dichotomy between power and vulnerability, wherein one party seeks to wield influence over another through illegitimate means. The threat of violence, injury, or any act proscribed by the IPC casts a shadow over the negotiating table, distorting the equilibrium of power and leaving the coerced party at a distinct disadvantage. This imbalance not only undermines the autonomy of the individual but also corrodes the very essence of justice and fairness in contractual relations. The requirement for the threat to be real underscores the gravity of coercion, emphasizing its potential to inflict harm or deprivation upon the victim. It is this palpable sense of fear or apprehension that serves as the catalyst for the relinquishment of free will, compelling individuals to accede to terms they would otherwise deem unacceptable.
Moreover, coercion extends its tendrils beyond the realm of overt threats, encompassing subtler forms of manipulation and subjugation. The psychological toll inflicted by incessant pressure or undue influence can be just as debilitating as the specter of physical harm. In many instances, individuals may find themselves ensnared in a web of coercion without fully comprehending the extent of their predicament. This insidious nature of coercion underscores the imperative of vigilance and the need for robust legal safeguards to protect against its insidious effects.
The principle of free consent, upon which the doctrine of coercion hinges, embodies the essence of individual autonomy and agency. It acknowledges the inherent dignity and self-determination of every individual, affirming their right to make choices free from external coercion or constraint. Any attempt to undermine this principle strikes at the very heart of democratic values and the rule of law, eroding the foundation upon which civilized societies are built. Thus, the repudiation of coerced contracts not only serves to rectify individual injustices but also reaffirms society’s commitment to upholding the sanctity of voluntary agreements.
In conclusion, coercion represents a pernicious threat to the integrity of contractual relations, undermining the principles of autonomy, fairness, and justice upon which they rest. By compelling individuals to enter into agreements against their will, coercion subverts the very essence of free consent, relegating individuals to the status of unwilling participants in their own destiny. It is incumbent upon legal systems to remain vigilant against the insidious machinations of coercion, safeguarding the rights and freedoms of all individuals against its encroachment. Only through a steadfast commitment to upholding the principles of voluntary consent can societies ensure the preservation of justice, fairness, and individual autonomy in the realm of contractual relations.
Current Affairs & General Knowledge
The Centre on Tuesday reconstituted the NITI Aayog with [1] union ministers, including those from BJP-led NDA allies and four full-time members, being a part of the government think-tank. The government reconstituted NITI Aayog after changes were made in the council of ministers. The government, on Tuesday, notified the reconstituted NITI Aayog. While the vice chairman and the full-time members of the Aayog remain the same, some of the new ministers of the Modi government have become either ex-officio members or special invitees to the Aayog. Since the term of the Aayog, barring the position of the chief executive officer, is co-terminus with the term of the government, the re-constitution of the Aayog was due since the formation of the new government in June. As per the notification, effective from Tuesday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi will continue to be the chairman of the Aayog with [2] as the vice-chairman and VK Saraswat, Ramesh Chand, VK Paul and Arvind Virmani as full-time members of the Aayog.
Defence minister Rajnath Singh, home minister Amit Shah, agriculture minister Shivraj Singj Chuahan and finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman are the ex-officio members of the Aayog, as per the notification. Further, 11 ministers of the Modi government are special invitees to the Aayog. These include road transport minister Nitin Gadkari, health minister JP Nadda, heavy industries minister HD Kumaraswamy, minister for micro, small and medium enterprises Jitan Ram Manjhi and minister of food processing Chirag Paswan, among others.
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