iQuanta has launched a Mini Mock Series covering all the sections of the CLAT exam, these questions have been handpicked by our faculty based on the latest CLAT exam pattern.
Instructions:-
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
In all battles two things are usually required of the Commander—in—Chief: to make a good plan for his army and to keep a strong reserve. Both of these are also obligatory for the painter. To make a plan, thorough reconnaissance of the country where the battle is to be fought is needed. Its fields, its mountains, its rivers, its bridges, its trees, its flowers, its atmosphere—all require and repay attentive observation from a special point of view.
I think this is one of the chief delights that have come to me through painting. No doubt many people who are lovers of art have acquired it to a high degree without actually practicing. But I expect that nothing will make one observe more quickly or more thoroughly than having to face the difficulty of representing the thing observed. And mind you, if you do observe accurately and with refinement, and if you do record what you have seen with tolerable correspondence, the result follows on the canvas with startling obedience.
But in order to make his plan, the General must not only reconnoiter the battle—ground; he must also study the achievements of the great Captains of the past. He must bring the observations he has collected in the field into comparison with the treatment of similar incidents by famous chiefs.
Considering that, the galleries of Europe take on a new—and to me at least a severely practical—interest. “This, then, is how —— painted a cataract. Exactly, and there is that same light I noticed last week in the waterfall at ——. ” And so on. You see the difficulty that baffled you yesterday; and you see how easily it has been overcome by a great or even by a skillful painter. Not only is your observation of Nature sensibly improved and developed, but also your comprehension of the masterpieces of art.
But it is in the use and withholding of their reserves that the great commanders have generally excelled. After all, when once the last reserve has been thrown in, the commander’s part is played. If that does not win the battle, he has nothing else to give. Everything must be left to luck and to the fighting troops. But these last reserves, in the absence of high direction, are apt to get into sad confusion, all mixed together in a nasty mess, without order or plan—and consequently without effect.
Mere masses count no more. The largest brush, the brightest colors cannot even make an impression. The pictorial battlefield becomes a sea of mud mercifully veiled by the fog of war. Even though the General plunges in himself and emerges bespattered, as he sometimes does, he will not retrieve the day. In painting, the reserves consist in Proportion or Relation. And it is here that the art of the painter marches along the road which is traversed by all the greatest harmonies in thought. At one side of the palette there is white, at the other black; and neither is ever used ?neat.’ Between these two rigid limits all the action must lie, all the power required must be generated. Black and white themselves placed in juxtaposition make no great impression; and yet they are the most that you can do in pure contrast.
General Knowledge
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
The Industrial Revolution, beginning in Britain in the late 18th century, marked a transformative period in human history. It was characterized by the rapid growth of mechanized manufacturing and technological advancements in industries such as textiles, iron production, and transportation. Key innovations included the steam engine, developed by James Watt, which powered machinery and revolutionized transportation through steam locomotives and steamships.
The Industrial Revolution brought profound economic, social, and cultural changes. Industrialization led to the mass production of goods, resulting in increased efficiency and lower costs. This, in turn, spurred urbanization as people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of employment opportunities in factories. Cities expanded rapidly, often without adequate infrastructure, leading to overcrowded living conditions and public health challenges.
Socially, the Industrial Revolution reshaped class structures. A new middle class emerged from successful industrialists and entrepreneurs, while a large working class labored in factories under often harsh conditions. Labor movements arose to advocate for workers’ rights, leading to improvements in working conditions and the establishment of labor laws.
Culturally, the Industrial Revolution fostered innovation and creativity. It influenced literature, art, and music, reflecting both the optimism of progress and the challenges of industrial society. Technological innovations continued to accelerate, with advancements in communication such as the telegraph and later the telephone connecting people across continents.
The effects of the Industrial Revolution were not confined to Britain but spread globally. Other countries, including Germany, the United States, and Japan, underwent their own industrial transformations, leading to economic growth and societal changes. The shift towards industrial economies laid the foundation for modern capitalism and globalization, shaping the world we live in today.
Despite its benefits, the Industrial Revolution also raised concerns about environmental degradation and exploitation of natural resources. Increased pollution from factories and mines posed health risks to workers and surrounding communities. These issues sparked movements advocating for environmental conservation and sustainable development, shaping modern environmental policies.
In summary, the Industrial Revolution was a pivotal period that transformed economies, societies, and cultures worldwide. Its legacy continues to influence technological innovation, urbanization trends, and global economic dynamics.
Legal Reasoning
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
The Madras High Court recently dismissed a challenge to the Tamil Nadu Land Encroachment Act, asserting that unauthorized occupation of land cannot warrant protection under Article 21 of the Constitution when eviction procedures are lawful. The bench, consisting of Chief Justice SV Gangapurwala and Justice Bharatha Chakravarthy, emphasized that Article 21 does not shield individuals engaging in unauthorized occupation of government property, rather it grants protection against Unlawful detention by state authorities. Furthermore, the court clarified that Article 19(1)(e) does not extend to unauthorized residency, affirming that squatting on government property lacks constitutional backing. The petition contested the constitutionality of Section 6 of the Act, arguing violations of Articles 14, 19(1)(e), and 21. However, the court upheld the Act’s validity, citing prior Supreme Court precedent and rejecting claims of inconsistency with Article 13. Additionally, it reasoned that the Act’s differentiation between public and private property occupants was justified, serving public interest and warranting speedier eviction procedures for unauthorized occupants of public land. Consequently, the petition was dismissed.
Logical Reasoning
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
A U.S. biotechnology and genomic firm offering genetic testing services to customers, confirmed that stolen data of its customers being sold by threat actors on the dark web was legitimate. The data included full names, usernames, profile photos, sex, date of birth, genetic ancestry results, and geographical location. The company further shared that the data being sold was stolen using a credential-stuffing attack.
Credential stuffing is a form of brute force attack that involves trial and error on the hackers’ part to crack passwords, login credentials, and encryption keys. Brute force attacks are categorized under four categories, namely simple brute force attacks, dictionary attacks, hybrid brute force attacks, reverse brute force, and credential stuffing.
Amongst these, credential stuffing preys on users’ weak password hygiene. Attackers collect stolen username and password combinations from data leaks. These are tested on other websites to check if they can be used to gain access to additional accounts. This form of attack method is successful when users use the same password combination or reuse passwords for various accounts and social media platforms.
Hackers may also use automated bots to repeatedly try to access a website with credentials purchased on the dark web, making use of known (breached) usernames/passwords pairs of websites against other websites.
One of the main factors behind the successful launch of credential stuffing attacks is poor password hygiene. In credential stuffing, attackers target popular websites with high brand recognition where user credentials leaked from earlier data breaches are readily available on the dark web.
Attackers use these leaked login credentials to repeatedly try to log in to a site. When they are successful, they may take over the account for financial gains or sell the validated information on the web to other criminals. These attacks typically rely on bots or automated tools to repeatedly attempt to log in to sites with compromised credentials.
When hackers use a single bot to make repeated login attempts from a single IP address, the attack is easy to identify and block with standard IP traffic management tools. However, when attackers use multi-hop to continuously switch between different IP addresses, the attack can be far more difficult to trace and stop.
Quantitative Techniques
Directions: The table given here shows production of five type of cars by a company in the year 1989 to 1994. Study the table and answer questions.
