Quanta has launched a Mini Mock Series covering all the sections of the CLAT exam, these questions have been handpicked by our faculty based on the latest CLAT exam pattern.
Instructions:-
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
When the East India Company started conquering and taking control of territories in India, England was not a secular country with a wall of separation between church and state. Instead, the Church of England was the established church in the realm. King Henry VIII established the Church of England, and broke away from the Pope. Since 1520, every ruler of Great Britain bore the official title ‘Defender of the Faith’. The ‘Act of Supremacy’ enacted in 1534 declared that the British monarch was the ‘Supreme Head of the Church of England’. The ‘Act against the Pope’s Authority’ in 1536 dissolved the Pope’s authority. The Archbishop of Canterbury, or the most senior bishop in the Church of England, and other high-level church officials were all appointed by the government. The incomes of members of the clergy were supported by compulsory tithes or taxes imposed on some agricultural products. New monarchs were crowned by a high-ranking member of the clergy, and senior bishops were represented in the House of Lords.
Similarly, pre-colonial rulers in India were intricately involved in the administration of religious institutions like temples and mosques. In 1790, for instance, Tipu Sultan, the Muslim ruler of Mysore, issued an order to his officials that Hindu temples were under their management, and that they were to ensure that ‘the offerings to the gods and the temple illumination are duly regulated … out of the government grants’. According to one scholar, Tipu Sultan was following ‘a pattern imposed by centuries of history’ in India.
When the East India Company took over, it continued administering religious institutions that had been managed by prior, pre-colonial governments, partly because it was a good source of revenue and partly because it lent legitimacy to the ruling dispensation.
For instance, in 1796, the British collector of Madras took over the administration of Hindu temples at Conjeevaram (Kanchipuram). The colonial government soon started enacting laws for administering temples and other religious institutions. In 1806, the government issued regulations for the ‘superintendence and management’ of the Jagannath Temple in modern-day Odisha.
Interestingly, the British referred to this temple as the ‘Juggernaut’ Temple. The English word ‘juggernaut’ is derived from this nomenclature, which can probably be attributed to an Anglican chaplain, Reverend Claudius Buchanan. In June 1806, Buchanan was horrified to see a Hindu pilgrim sacrificing himself to the idol at Jagannath. The pilgrim, said Buchanan, lay on the ground with his ‘arms stretched forwards’ and was ‘was crushed to death by the wheels of the tower’ carrying the idol. He wrote a book about his experiences at the ‘Juggernaut’ Temple, which became quite popular.
Current Affairs and General Knowledge
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
On Sunday, India-born aviator and commercial pilot along with five other space tourists became the latest set of individuals to make a short recreational trip to space. She is based in the United States, is the first space tourist from India but about 50 others have made such trips, most of them in the last three years.
She flew aboard a spacecraft of Blue Origin, one of the few private space companies offering a joy ride to people wanting to venture into space. The whole journey, from take off to landing lasted only about ten minutes, during which the spacecraft attained a maximum height of about 105 km from the Earth. The passengers — among them a 90-year-old American — got to experience weightlessness for a few minutes and observe the Earth from a height.
Legal Reasoning
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
Defamation is the general term for a legal claim involving injury to one’s reputation caused by a false statement of fact and includes both libel (in written form) and slander (spoken). The crux of a defamation claim is falsity. Truthful statements that harm another’s reputation will not create liability for defamation (although they may open you up to other forms of liability if the information you publish is of a personal or highly private nature). Even, partial truth for the purpose of harming anyone’s image is defamatory.
Defamation in the U.S is governed by state law. While the U.S. Constitution sets some limits on what states can do in the context of free speech, the specific elements of a defamation claim can vary from state to state.
A person who brings a defamation lawsuit must prove that the defendant published the statement, i.e. the defendant uttered or distributed it to at least one person other than the plaintiff. You don’t need to be a media mogul to be a publisher.
The statement need not name the person explicitly if there is enough identifying information that those who know the person will recognize it as being about him and that the statement harmed the reputation of the plaintiff, as opposed to being merely insulting. A defamatory statement is a false statement of fact that exposes a person to hatred, ridicule or contempt, lowers him in the esteem of his peers, or injures him in his business or trade. But, leaking some private information will attract liability in some other laws.
Fault requires that the defendant did something he should not have done or failed to do something he should have. The plaintiff will either need to prove that the defendant acted negligently, if the plaintiff is a private figure, or with actual malice, if the plaintiff is a public figure or official.
In cases involving public officials, public figures or matters of public concern, a plaintiff must prove that the statement was false. In cases involving matters of purely private concern, in many states the burden of proving truth is on the defendant.Statements of pure opinion, which cannot be proven true or false, cannot form the basis of a defamation claim. The republication of someone else’s defamatory statement can itself be defamatory i.e. you won’t be immune simply because you are quoting another person making the defamatory statement, even if you properly attribute the statement to its source. Say if you quote a witness to a traffic accident who says the driver was drunk when he ran the red light and it turns out the driver wasn’t drunk and he had a green light, you can’t hide behind the fact that you were merely republishing the witness’ statement (which would likely be defamatory).
But if you repeat what someone else said or wrote in an official hearing or official document, there’s an important privilege that may protect you provided you attribute the information you gathered and are accurate in your reporting.
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from Defamation, blog by Digital Media Law Project]
Logical Reasoning
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
In India, manufacturing and real estate account for three out of five insolvency cases admitted. However, the two sectors have opposing results when it comes to resolution of these cases. Since 2016, when the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code came into being, manufacturing has had a share of 39 per cent with 49 per cent share in resolved cases. Meanwhile, the real estate sector has 21 per cent admit share with a mere 13 per cent resolution rate.
This is a tale of two sectors–manufacturing and real estate. Both account for three out of every five insolvency cases admitted in India but witness contrasting results. Manufacturing made up 39 per cent of all such cases admitted until June 2023 since the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) came into being in late 2016, but its share in the resolved cases was as much as 49 per cent. Real estate, meanwhile, accounted for 21 per cent of the admitted cases but only 13 per cent of the resolved ones, according to the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) data.
Experts said while both the sectors are “asset-heavy”, greater investor demand for manufacturing is the key differentiator in resolutions. Moreover, given the involvement of large numbers of homebuyers, who have been accorded the financial creditor status under the IBC, the resolution of insolvent real estate firms has turned out to be both complex and lengthy.
Among other key sectors, wholesale and retail trade accounted for 10 per cent of the insolvency cases admitted up to June 2023, followed by transport and electricity (3 per cent each) and hotels (2 per cent). In resolved cases, the share of wholesale and retail trade was 7 per cent, followed by electricity (5 per cent), hotels (3 per cent) and transport (2 per cent).
The data showed, as of June 2023, as many as 6,815 insolvency cases were admitted by the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), of which 720 saw resolution. Liquidation orders were passed in 2,120 cases, while 2,073 cases were in the process of resolution. The rest of the cases were either withdrawn or settled/closed on appeal.
Manoj Kumar, partner and head of M&A and insolvency resolution services at consultancy firm Corporate Professionals Capital, said stressed manufacturing entities are an easy target for investors. “Many investors want to acquire these insolvent companies at a reasonable cost instead of going for green-field projects for capacity expansion for a variety of reasons, including the time-consuming land acquisition and environmental clearance processes,” he said.
Quantitative Techniques
Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.
A famous car brand has 3 showrooms in a certain district which have cars of different types, mainly, SUV, Hatchback and Sedan. They are only of white colour or black colour. Total cars of each type in each of the showrooms are 60.
Showroom-1: The number of white SUV cars is one less than 25% of the total number of cars. 2/5th of Hatchback cars are black. The number of white Sedan cars is 60% of the total number of black SUV cars and black Hatchback cars.
Showroom-2: The number of white Hatchback cars is 14 more than the number of black SUV cars in Showroom-1. The number of black Sedan cars is one quarter of the total white cars in Showroom-1. The number of black SUV cars is 16 more than the number of white SUV cars.
Showroom-3: The total number of white cars is 1/3rd of the total number of cars. The number of black Hatchback cars is 100% more than that of black Hatchback cars in Showroom-1. The number of black SUV cars is 35% of the total black cars.