iQuanta has launched a Mini Mock Series covering all the sections of the CLAT exam, these questions have been handpicked by our faculty based on the latest CLAT exam pattern.
Instructions:-
1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.
English Language
Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage. Please answer each question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the corresponding passage. In some instances, more than one option may be the answer to the question; in such a case, please choose the option that most accurately and comprehensively answers the question.
In most of the market/work places people often queue up or take a channelized approach for the intended activity. The people in the queue have enough patience and are ready to wait for their turn. This is the ordered behaviour of the society.
Yet there is another set of people who do not have that much patience or do not believe in the system and hence do not form a part of the queue. They rather use force to reach the desired place before anyone else. This is the crowded/unethical or disordered behaviour of the society. Both types of people have been in the society since ages- the peace loving ordered believer for channelized work and self styled warring soldiers using all types of forces to carry out the intended tasks.
The overall system maintains a dynamic balance between two of its states (ordered & disordered). It is like maintaining a balance in the balance sheet of the accounting system. The debit and credit entries have to balance each other to maintain the overall state of money as zero. In a financial system the net or overall value of money is zero (although everybody in the society is after this entity). The hardliners in any society demand a very strict system / channel with harsh punishment to those who violate it. The soft-liners or liberals want total transparency with defined priority to jump the channel. Governance is a difficult task of tight-rope walking to satisfy both the fractions.
All living beings have to undergo cycles of War and Peace in their lives and thus evolve. The dead objects do not require going through this process. The dead remain ‘as it is’- neither ordered nor disordered. But the case of a spiritual person is special. S(he) has an unbiased attitude towards ordered / disordered activities in his/ her life. S(he) does not get attached to any one side while performing any activity. Attaining such a state is not easy. Most of us choose the easy going state of attachment with one of the two possible states.
Quantitative Techniques
Logical Reasoning
The Standing Committee on External Affairs has once again urged the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) to establish a coordination committee focused on soft power projection and cultural diplomacy. This committee would collaborate with other line ministries and departments, as detailed in a report presented in both Houses of Parliament. A line ministry, such as the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports or the Ministry of Culture, manages specific activities or policies related to an issue. In this context, these ministries might conduct activities abroad to promote culture or ‘soft power’, which would not fall under the MEA but the respective line ministry overseeing the program.
This recommendation by the parliamentary panel was previously mentioned in its 16th report titled ‘India’s Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy: Prospects & Limitations’, which was presented to the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in 2022. The MEA acknowledged this recommendation in June of the same year but only “noted” the suggestion without taking concrete action. Consequently, the panel, led by BJP MP P.P. Chaudhary, emphasized this point again in its recent report.
The Committee highlighted that the MEA had recognized the absence of coordination among various institutions as a significant challenge in effectively leveraging India’s soft power. Yet, no steps were taken to establish a coordination mechanism. After several discussions, NITI Aayog also proposed the formation of a coordination committee with representatives from all relevant ministries. The Committee further stressed that the MEA should prioritize studying international best practices in soft power projection. The insights from this study should then be integrated into India’s soft power strategy. The Committee also advised the MEA to evaluate India’s soft power potential promptly to devise strategies that align with India’s foreign policy goals.
Additionally, the Committee addressed the issue of insufficient funding, which hampers India’s soft power projection. It suggested a 20% budget increase for the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) and emphasized the importance of adequate fund allocation to the ICCR.
Legal Reasoning
In the realm of contract law, the foundational elements of offer and acceptance form the basis for the formation of legally binding agreements. An offer represents a proposal made by the offeror to the offeree, outlining the terms and conditions under which they are willing to enter into a contract. Conversely, acceptance signifies the offeree’s agreement to the terms of the offer, thereby forming a mutual understanding and commitment between the parties involved.
The timing and communication of acceptance play crucial roles in determining when a contract becomes binding on both parties. As a general rule, acceptance becomes binding against the offeror as soon as it is put in the course of transmission, meaning that it is sent out by the offeree. However, acceptance is binding against the offeree only when it reaches the offeror.
Furthermore, for acceptance to be valid, the offeror must be aware that their offer has been accepted. This requirement ensures that both parties are operating with full knowledge and understanding of the contractual obligations they are entering into. If the acceptor communicates acceptance without the offeror’s knowledge, the acceptance may not be considered valid, and no contract is formed until the offeror becomes aware of the acceptance.
In summary, the principles of offer and acceptance are fundamental to contract formation, delineating the process by which parties enter into legally binding agreements. The timing and communication of acceptance are critical factors that determine when a contract becomes binding on both parties. By ensuring mutual awareness and understanding, offer and acceptance pave the way for the creation of enforceable contractual relationships that govern the rights and obligations of the parties involved.
Current Affairs & General Knowledge
In a public interest litigation seeking establishment and effectuation of Gram Nyayalayas in the country as per the mandate of Gram Nyayalayas Act, [1], the Supreme Court today directed states/UTs and their High Courts to file fresh affidavits on the establishment and functioning of Gram Nyayalayas.
“We therefore direct the Chief Secretaries of all the states and the Registrar Generals of all High Courts to file affidavits within a period of 6 weeks from today, pointing out details regarding establishment and functioning of the Gram Nyayalayas in their respective states. The affidavits shall also record the infrastructure which is available to such Gram Nyayalayas. We further direct that before filing the affidavits, the Chief Secretaries of the states and the Registrar Generals of the High Courts shall have a meeting and coordinate with regard to the policy for establishing Gram Nyayalayas in the respective states, including the infrastructure to be provided therefore. The affidavits shall also clarify as to whether such of the states propose to establish Gram Nyayalayas than the ones which are already established and the steps proposed to be taken in that regard”, said the bench of Justices BR Gavai and KV Viswanathan.
During the hearing of the case, Advocate Prashant Bhushan, appearing for petitioners, urged that although more than 6000 Gram Nyayalayas should have been established in the country over past 16 years (since passing of the Act), only 400 have been established so far, and out of them only 264 are functional. He averred that there is a huge pendency and backlog of cases, with people struggling to get their cases listed, which was contemplated to be prevented through establishment of the Gram Nyayalayas.
“The whole object of this Act was to set up Gram Nyalayas at intermediate Panchayat level, that should be able to deal with several cases of ordinary people…it lays down everything…that the judges in this court will be appointed in consultation with the High Court, they should have the same qualification as a judicial magistrate…will be the jurisdiction of the courts…appeals will lie to the district courts…etc”.
Calling the situation “pathetic”, Bhushan drew the court’s attention to the fact that it passed an order in 2020, directing inter-alia that the states which had not issued notifications for establishing Gram Nyayalayas do the same within 4 weeks.“It appears that governments are totally oblivious to the administration of justice…they are not interested in seeing that justice gets administered”, he said.
